{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:22:13Z","timestamp":1769512933244,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LIT Secure and Correct Systems Lab"},{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry of Labour and Economy"},{"name":"State of Upper Austria"},{"name":"\u201cUniversity SAL Labs\u201d initiative of Silicon Austria Labs (SAL)"},{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Open Access Publishing Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trustworthiness assessment is an essential step to assure that interdependent systems perform critical functions as anticipated, even under adverse conditions. In this paper, a holistic trustworthiness assessment framework for ultra-wideband self-localization is proposed, including the attributes of reliability, security, privacy, and resilience. Our goal is to provide guidance for evaluating a system\u2019s trustworthiness based on objective evidence, i.e., so-called trustworthiness indicators. These indicators are carefully selected through the threat analysis of the particular system under evaluation. Our approach guarantees that the resulting trustworthiness indicators correspond to chosen real-world threats. Moreover, experimental evaluations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. While the framework is tailored for this specific use case, the process itself serves as a versatile template, which can be used in other applications in the domains of the Internet of Things or cyber\u2013physical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T10:28:41Z","timestamp":1723631321000},"page":"5268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trustworthiness for an Ultra-Wideband Localization Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Peterseil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6717-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Etzlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hor\u00e1\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Networks and Security, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"LIT Secure and Correct Systems Lab, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roya","family":"Khanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"JKU SAL IWS Lab, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"JKU SAL IWS Lab, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, D. (2017). Trusted Computing: Principles and Applications, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110477597"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"CPS PWG (2016). Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). White Paper Release 1.0."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Buchheit, M., Hirsch, F., and Martin, R.A. (2021, December 30). The Industrial Internet of Things Trustworthiness Framework Foundations. Industrial Internet Consortium. Available online: https:\/\/www.iiconsortium.org\/pdf\/Trustworthiness_Framework_Foundations.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ITU-T (2017). Overview of Trust Provisioning in Information and Communication Technology Infrastructures and Services, International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). ITU-T Recommendation Y.3052."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3277666","article-title":"Stram: Measuring the trustworthiness of computer-based systems","volume":"51","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Comp. Surv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3019199","article-title":"Toward location-enabled IoT (LE-IoT): IoT positioning techniques, error sources, and error mitigation","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70219","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3187410","article-title":"An Overview of UWB Standards and Organizations (IEEE 802.15. 4, FiRa, Apple): Interoperability Aspects and Future Research Directions","volume":"10","author":"Coppens","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Durand, J., Hirsch, F., Morrish, J., Zarkout, B., and Buchheit, M. (2019). The Industrial Internet of Things: Managing and Assessing Trustworthiness for IIoT in Practice, Industrial Internet Consortium, Object Management Group, Inc.. White Paper v1.0."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.3390\/s110706555","article-title":"Trust index based fault tolerant multiple event localization algorithm for WSNs","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184133","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960609","article-title":"A novel trust evaluation process for secure localization using a decentralized blockchain in wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Schott, D.J., Scheithauer, H., H\u00e4ring, I., H\u00f6flinger, F., Fischer, G., Habets, E.A., Gelhausen, P., Schindelhauer, C., and Rupitsch, S.J. (2021). Simulation-Based Resilience Quantification of an Indoor Ultrasound Localization System in the Presence of Disruptions. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196332"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterseil, P., Etzlinger, B., M\u00e4rzinger, D., Khanzadeh, R., and Springer, A. (2022, January 4\u20138). Data Trustworthiness for UWB Ranging in IoT. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008777"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neirynck, D., Luk, E., and McLaughlin, M. (2016, January 19\u201320). An alternative double-sided two-way ranging method. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Positioning, Naviation and Communications (WPNC), Bremen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2016.7822844"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962523","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/962523","article-title":"A survey of localization in wireless sensor network","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"DecaWave Ltd. (2016). DW1000 Metrics for Estimation of Non Line of Sight Operating Conditions, DecaWave Ltd.. Version 1.1."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Networks\u2013Amendment 1: Enhanced Ultra Wideband (UWB) Physical Layers (PHYs) and Associated Ranging Techniques (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.15.4z-2020 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.15.4-2020))."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Leu, P., Camurati, G., Heinrich, A., Roeschlin, M., Anliker, C., Hollick, M., Capkun, S., and Classen, J. (2022, January 10\u201312). Ghost Peak: Practical Distance Reduction Attacks Against HRP UWB Ranging. Proceedings of the 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22), Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterseil, P., Etzlinger, B., Khanzadeh, R., and Springer, A. (2023, January 4\u20138). Trustworthiness Score for UWB Indoor Localization. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2023\u20142023 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437828"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poturalski, M., Flury, M., Papadimitratos, P., Hubaux, J.P., and Le Boudec, J.Y. (2010, January 20\u201323). The cicada attack: Degradation and denial of service in IR ranging. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2010.5616900"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Roeschlin, M., Zalzala, E., Leu, P., and \u010capkun, S. (July, January 28). Security analysis of IEEE 802.15. 4z\/HRP UWB time-of-flight distance measurement. Proceedings of the The 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks (ACM WiSec 2021), Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3448300.3467831"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.07.008","article-title":"State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using the open-circuit voltage at various ambient temperatures","volume":"113","author":"Xing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.09.010","article-title":"Influence of different open circuit voltage tests on state of charge online estimation for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"183","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Peterseil, P., M\u00e4rzinger, D., and Etzlinger, B. (2024, July 10). UWB Weak-NLOS Structured Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/ppeterseil\/UWB-weak-NLOS-structured-dataset."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isik, O.K., Hong, J., Petrunin, I., and Tsourdos, A. (2020). Integrity Analysis for GPS-Based Navigation of UAVs in Urban Environment. Robotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics9030066"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Peterseil, P. (UWB Trustworthiness (Jamming and Position Dilution of Precision), 2024). UWB Trustworthiness (Jamming and Position Dilution of Precision), version 1.0."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:36:42Z","timestamp":1760110602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24165268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24165268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}}}