{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:22:12Z","timestamp":1770891732634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Department of Environment &amp; Spatial Development Flanders","award":["OMG-VPO\/2021\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OMG-VPO\/2021\/004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low-cost, tri-axial 50 Hz magnetic field monitoring sensor was designed, calibrated and verified. The sensor was designed using off-the-shelf components and commercially available coils. It can measure 50 Hz magnetic fields originating from high-voltage power lines from 0.08 \u00b5T to 364 \u00b5T, divided into two measurement ranges. The sensor was calibrated both on-board and in-lab. The on-board calibration takes the circuit attenuation, noise and parasitic components into account. In the in-lab calibration, the output of the developed sensor is compared to the benchmark, a narrowband EHP-50. The sensor was then verified in situ under high-voltage power lines at two independent measurement locations. The measured field values during this validation were between 0.10 \u00b5T and 13.43 \u00b5T, which is in agreement with other reported measurement values under high-voltage power lines in literature. The results were compared to the benchmark, for which average deviations of 6.2% and 1.4% were found, at the two independent measurement locations. Furthermore, fields up to 113.3 \u00b5T were measured in a power distribution sub-station to ensure that both measurement ranges were verified. Our network, four active sensors in the field, had high uptimes of 96%, 82%, 81% and, 95% during a minimum 3-month interval. In total, over 6 million samples were gathered with field values that ranged from 0.08 \u00b5T to 45.48 \u00b5T. This suggests that the proposed solution can be used for this monitoring, although more extensive long-term testing with more sensors is required to confirm the uptime under multiple circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1724049691000},"page":"5325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Deprez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec WAVES, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Van de Steene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec WAVES, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8392-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leen","family":"Verloock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec WAVES, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmeric","family":"Tanghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec WAVES, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4718-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Gomm\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment & Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart","family":"Verlaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment & Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Goethals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment & Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"van Campenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment & Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Plets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec WAVES, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec WAVES, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (2010). 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