{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:46Z","timestamp":1760145706296,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101002225","17\/CDA\/4771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101002225","17\/CDA\/4771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101002225","17\/CDA\/4771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101002225","17\/CDA\/4771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic tracking (EMT) can benefit image-guided interventions in cases where line of sight is unavailable. However, EMT can suffer from electromagnetic distortion in the presence of metal instruments. Metal instruments are widely used in laparoscopic surgery, ENT surgery, arthroscopy and many other clinical applications. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of tracking such metal instruments by placing the inductive sensor within the instrument shaft. We propose a magnetostatic model of the field within the instrument, and verify the results experimentally for frequencies from 6 kHz to 60 kHz. The impact of the instrument\u2019s dimensions, conductivity and transmitting field frequency is quantified for ranges representative of typical metal instruments used in image-guided interventions. We then performed tracking using the open-source Anser EMT system and quantify the error caused by the presence of the rod as a function of the frequency of the eight emitting coils for the system. The work clearly demonstrates why smaller tool diameters (less than 8 mm) are less susceptible to distortion, as well as identifying optimal frequencies (1 kHz to 2 kHz) for transmitter design to minimise for distortion in larger instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T01:38:45Z","timestamp":1724117925000},"page":"5364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distortion-Free Magnetic Tracking of Metal Instruments in Image-Guided Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7116-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eoin","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University College Cork, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daragh","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University College Cork, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3963-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"van den Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University College Cork, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1draig","family":"Cantillon-Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University College Cork, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.4.988","article-title":"Real-time electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy to peripheral lung lesions using overlaid CT images: The first human study","volume":"129","author":"Schwarz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0319-4","article-title":"Navigational bronchoscopy for early lung cancer: A road to therapy","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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