{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:22:18Z","timestamp":1770819738684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the 14th Five-year Plan of China","award":["2021YFC 3200401-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC 3200401-04"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of the 14th Five-year Plan of China","award":["2023-ZJKJ-PTJS03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZJKJ-PTJS03"]}]},{"name":"CCCC Science and Technology Research and Development Project","award":["2021YFC 3200401-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC 3200401-04"]}]},{"name":"CCCC Science and Technology Research and Development Project","award":["2023-ZJKJ-PTJS03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZJKJ-PTJS03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seals, sea lions, and other aquatic animals rely on their whiskers to identify and track underwater targets, offering valuable inspiration for the development of low-power, portable, and environmentally friendly sensors. Here, we design a single seal-whisker-like cylinder and conduct experiments to measure the forces acting on it with nine different upstream targets. Using sample sets constructed from these force signals, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained and tested. The results demonstrate that combining the seal-whisker-style sensor with a CNN enables the identification of objects in the water in most cases, although there may be some confusion for certain targets. Increasing the length of the signal samples can enhance the results but may not eliminate these confusions. Our study reveals that high frequencies (greater than 5 Hz) are irrelevant in our model. Lift signals present more distinct and distinguishable features than drag signals, serving as the primary basis for the model to differentiate between various targets. Fourier analysis indicates that the model\u2019s efficacy in recognizing different targets relies heavily on the discrepancies in the spectral features of the lift signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:58:07Z","timestamp":1724417887000},"page":"5418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shape Classification Using a Single Seal-Whisker-Style Sensor Based on the Neural Network Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yitian","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC First Harbor Engineering Company Ltd. (Key Laboratory of Coastal Engineering Hydrodynamics, CCCC), Tianjin 300461, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaohong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Mathematics and KL-AAGDM, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dekui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunning","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014012","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/1\/014012","article-title":"Calibration and Validation of a Harbor Seal Whisker-Inspired Flow Sensor","volume":"22","author":"Beem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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