{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:40:22Z","timestamp":1775144422372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro  de  Compet\u00eancia  EMBRAPII  Virtus  em  Hardware  Inteligente  para  Ind\u00fastria, with financial resources from the PPI HardwareBR of the MCTI","award":["055\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["055\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Centro  de  Compet\u00eancia  EMBRAPII  Virtus  em  Hardware  Inteligente  para  Ind\u00fastria, with financial resources from the PPI HardwareBR of the MCTI","award":["306394\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306394\/2021-9"]}]},{"name":"Centro  de  Compet\u00eancia  EMBRAPII  Virtus  em  Hardware  Inteligente  para  Ind\u00fastria, with financial resources from the PPI HardwareBR of the MCTI","award":["306720\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306720\/2022-1"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["055\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["055\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["306394\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306394\/2021-9"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["306720\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306720\/2022-1"]}]},{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf","award":["055\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["055\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf","award":["306394\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306394\/2021-9"]}]},{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf","award":["306720\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306720\/2022-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a cost-effective system for monitoring and controlling alkaline electrolyzers, intending to improve hydrogen gas production on a laboratory scale. Our work includes two main innovations. Firstly, we suggest an approach to calibrate a standard air flow meter to accurately measure the flow of hydrogen-rich gas from electrolyzers, improving measurement accuracy while keeping costs low. Secondly, we introduce a unique cascade control method to manage hydrogen-rich gas production in the electrolyzer, ensuring precise control over gas flow rates. By combining affordable, energy-efficient devices with a PI control system, we achieve efficient gas production through electrolysis, replacing manual control approaches. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our cascade control method, demonstrating stable operation with minimal errors. These results provide a foundation for further research into control strategies to enhance the performance of electrolytic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:58:07Z","timestamp":1724417887000},"page":"5427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cascade Proportional\u2013Integral Control Design and Affordable Instrumentation System for Enhanced Performance of Electrolytic Dry Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Saulo N.","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gem\u00edrson de Paula dos","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o, Controle e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o de Processos de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-163, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7606-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elis\u00e2ngela M.","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering (DEMEC), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-163, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robson L.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Mineral Engineering (PPGEM), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-163, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago A. M.","family":"Euz\u00e9bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, 01328 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Virtus-CC, Campina Grande 58429-140, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9272-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan K.","family":"R\u00eago Segundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o, Controle e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o de Processos de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-163, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2019.01.006","article-title":"Prospects of nanostructured composite materials for energy harvesting and storage","volume":"32","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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