{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:10:31Z","timestamp":1777734631183,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EMIL","award":["E115506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E115506"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>State-of-the-art augmented reality (AR) glasses record their 3D pose in space, enabling measurements and analyses of clinical gait and balance tests. This study\u2019s objective was to evaluate concurrent validity and test\u2013retest reliability for common clinical gait and balance tests in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Five Times Sit To Stand (FTSTS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. Position and orientation data were collected in 22 participants with Parkinson\u2019s disease using HoloLens 2 and Magic Leap 2 AR glasses, from which test completion durations and durations of distinct sub-parts (e.g., sit to stand, turning) were derived and compared to reference systems and over test repetitions. Regarding concurrent validity, for both tests, an excellent between-systems agreement was found for position and orientation time series (ICC(C,1) &gt; 0.933) and test completion durations (ICC(A,1) &gt; 0.984). Between-systems agreement for FTSTS (sub-)durations were all excellent (ICC(A,1) &gt; 0.921). TUG turning sub-durations were excellent (turn 1, ICC(A,1) = 0.913) and moderate (turn 2, ICC(A,1) = 0.589). Regarding test\u2013retest reliability, the within-system test\u2013retest variation in test completion times and sub-durations was always much greater than the between-systems variation, implying that (sub-)durations may be derived interchangeably from AR and reference system data. In conclusion, AR data are of sufficient quality to evaluate gait and balance aspects in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease, with valid quantification of test completion durations and sub-durations of distinct FTSTS and TUG sub-parts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:32:01Z","timestamp":1724643121000},"page":"5485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gait and Balance Assessments with Augmented Reality Glasses in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Concurrent Validity and Test\u2013Retest Reliability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4531-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jara S.","family":"van Bergem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter F.","family":"van Doorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4554-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M.","family":"Hoogendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphne J.","family":"Geerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melvyn","family":"Roerdink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80550-8","article-title":"Trunk movements in older subjects during sit-to-stand","volume":"76","author":"Baer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.10.1034","article-title":"Clinical measurement of sit-to-stand performance in people with balance disorders: Validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test","volume":"85","author":"Whitney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M539","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.8.M539","article-title":"Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people","volume":"57","author":"Lord","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12106","article-title":"Discriminative ability and predictive validity of the timed up and go test in identifying older people who fall: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Schoene","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02733-7","article-title":"\u201cTiC-TUG\u201d: Technology in clinical practice using the instrumented timed up and go test\u2014A scoping review","volume":"36","author":"Labudek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000381804","article-title":"Kinect-Based Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test for Clinical and In-Home Assessment of Fall Risk in Older People","volume":"62","author":"Ejupi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2022.100222","article-title":"Visual SLAM algorithms and their application for AR, mapping, localization and wayfinding","volume":"15","author":"Theodorou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Array"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, R., Aldunate, R.G., and Sosnoff, J.J. (2019). The Validity of a Mixed Reality-Based Automated Functional Mobility Assessment. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201904.0120.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller Koop, M., Rosenfeldt, A.B., Owen, K., Penko, A.L., Streicher, M.C., Albright, A., and Alberts, J.L. (2022). The Microsoft HoloLens 2 Provides Accurate Measures of Gait, Turning, and Functional Mobility in Healthy Adults. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22052009"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.07.108","article-title":"Reliability of the new freezing of gait questionnaire: Agreement between patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and their carers","volume":"30","author":"Nieuwboer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geerse, D.J., Coolen, B.H., and Roerdink, M. (2015). Kinematic Validation of a Multi-Kinect v2 Instrumented 10-Meter Walkway for Quantitative Gait Assessments. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139913"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geerse, D.J., Coolen, B., and Roerdink, M. (2020). Quantifying Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters with HoloLens in Healthy Adults and People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Test-Retest Reliability, Concurrent Validity, and Face Validity. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113216"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, K., An, Q., Yozu, A., Chiba, R., Takakusaki, K., Yamakawa, H., Tamura, Y., Yamashita, A., and Asama, H. (2018). Visual and Vestibular Inputs Affect Muscle Synergies Responsible for Body Extension and Stabilization in Sit-to-Stand Motion. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01042"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients","volume":"1","author":"McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring agreement in method comparison studies","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad041","article-title":"The Microsoft HoloLens 2 Provides Accurate Biomechanical Measures of Performance During Military-Relevant Activities in Healthy Adults","volume":"188","author":"Rosenfeldt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2020.1811197","article-title":"Eye-Head-Trunk Coordination While Walking and Turning in a Simulated Grocery Shopping Task","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.06.003","article-title":"Measuring gait and gait-related activities in Parkinson\u2019s patients own home environment: A reliability, responsiveness and feasibility study","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.04.013","article-title":"Reproducibility of measures of leg muscle power, leg muscle strength, postural sway and mobility in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172379","article-title":"Are functional mobility tests responsive to group physical therapy intervention in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"42","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-024-01480-w","article-title":"Remotely prescribed and monitored home-based gait-and-balance therapeutic exergaming using augmented reality (AR) glasses: Protocol for a clinical feasibility study in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Hardeman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"20556683241252092","article-title":"The evolution of augmented reality to augment physical therapy: A scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:43Z","timestamp":1760110963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175485","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]}}}