{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:05:30Z","timestamp":1775066730904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professorship Grant in CIS","award":["0583-5504-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0583-5504-51"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrusion detection systems have proliferated with varying capabilities for data generation and learning towards detecting abnormal behavior. The goal of green intrusion detection systems is to design intrusion detection systems for energy efficiency, taking into account the resource constraints of embedded devices and analyzing energy\u2013performance\u2013security trade-offs. Towards this goal, we provide a comprehensive survey of existing green intrusion detection systems and analyze their effectiveness in terms of performance, overhead, and energy consumption for a wide variety of low-power embedded systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber physical systems. Finally, we provide future directions that can be leveraged by existing systems towards building a secure and greener environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1724658817000},"page":"5516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Green Intrusion Detection Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Swapnoneel","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sriram","family":"Sankaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cybersecurity Systems and Networks, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mini","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arshad, J., Azad, M.A., Amad, R., Salah, K., Alazab, M., and Iqbal, R. (2020). A review of performance, energy and privacy of intrusion detection systems for IoT. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9040629"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-170426","article-title":"A survey on energy efficient intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Ghosal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a, A.L.P.d., Jasinski, R.P., Pedroni, V.A., and Santin, A.O. (2014, January 9\u201311). Moving Network Protection from Software to Hardware: An Energy Efficiency Analysis. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2014.89"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.05.014","article-title":"A reliable and energy-efficient classifier combination scheme for intrusion detection in embedded systems","volume":"78","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2016.2560839","article-title":"Towards an energy-efficient anomaly-based intrusion detection engine for embedded systems","volume":"66","author":"Viegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2023.3283730","article-title":"Energy-Efficient CPU+ FPGA-based CNN Architecture for Intrusion Detection Systems","volume":"13","author":"Maciel","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandelwal, S., and Shreejith, S. (September, January 29). A lightweight multi-attack CAN intrusion detection system on hybrid FPGAs. Proceedings of the 2022 32nd International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), Belfast, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL57034.2022.00070"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ho Seo, J., Tchamgoue, G.M., and Kim, K.H. (2014, January 24\u201327). Power-Aware Real-Time Virtual Machine Schedulers in Discrete DVFS Systems. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 12th International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2014.88"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"205","article-title":"A Prototype of Online Dynamic Scaling Scheduler for Real-Time Task based on Virtual Machine","volume":"6","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lin, C.C., Chang, C.J., Syu, Y.C., Wu, J.J., Liu, P., Cheng, P.W., and Hsu, W.T. (2014, January 7\u201310). An energy-efficient hypervisor scheduler for asymmetric multi-core. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE), Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Jeong, H., Obaidat, M., Yen, N., and Park, J. (2014). A power-aware scheduler exploiting all slacks under EDF scheduling. Advances in Computer Science and Its Applications (CSA) 2013, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poovizhi, J.M.R., and Devi, R. (2022, January 16\u201317). Performance Analysis of Cloud Hypervisor using Different Workloads in Virtualization. Proceedings of the 2022 11th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART), Moradabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMART55829.2022.10047415"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilaplana, J., Solsona, F., Teixido, I., Mateo, J., Rius, J., and Abella, F. (2014). A Green Scheduling Policy for Cloud Computing. Adaptive Resource Management and Scheduling for Cloud Computing: Proceedings of the First International Workshop, ARMS-CC 2014, held in Conjunction with ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, PODC 2014, Paris, France, 15 July 2014, Revised Selected Papers 1, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13464-2_3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, W., Yoo, J., Kang, I., Jun, J., and Lim, S.S. (2016, January 17\u201319). Lightweight, predictable hypervisor for ARM-Based embedded systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA), Daegu, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2016.28"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moratelli, C., Filho, S., and Hessel, F. (2015, January 6\u20139). Hardware-assisted interrupt delivery optimization for virtualized embedded platforms. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2015.7440309"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Audsley, N.C., and Dong, P. (2018, January 11\u201313). Bluevisor: A scalable real-time hardware hypervisor for many-core embedded systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randhawa, R.H., Ahmed, A., and Siddiqui, M.I. (2018, January 17\u201319). Power Management Techniques in Popular Operating Systems for IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2018.00061"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, D., and Kaiser, W.J. (2014, January 11\u201313). Energy efficient task scheduling on a multi-core platform using real-time energy measurements. Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, La Jolla, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2627369.2627653"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Sayed, M.A., Saad, E.S.M., Aly, R.F., and Habashy, S.M. (2021). Energy-efficient task partitioning for real-time scheduling on multi-core platforms. Computers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10010010"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stokke, K.R., Stensland, H.K., Griwodz, C., and Halvorsen, P. (2017, January 20\u201323). Load balancing of multimedia workloads for energy efficiency on the tegra k1 multicore architecture. Proceedings of the 8th ACM on Multimedia Systems Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3083187.3083195"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1066\/1\/012020","article-title":"Particular Qualities of Execution of the Program Component for Energy Resources Management of the Belgorod Region","volume":"1066","author":"Trubaev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogues, E., Pelcat, M., Menard, D., and Mercat, A. (2016, January 17\u201319). Energy efficient scheduling of real time signal processing applications through combined DVFS and DPM. Proceedings of the 2016 24th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed, and Network-Based Processing (PDP), Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDP.2016.15"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eibel, C., H\u00f6nig, T., and Schr\u00f6der-Preikschat, W. (2016, January 23\u201327). Energy Claims at Scale: Decreasing the Energy Demand of HPC Workloads at OS Level. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPSW.2016.69"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, K., D\u2019Antonio, M., Carpentieri, L., Cosenza, B., Ficarelli, F., and Cesarini, D. (2023, January 12\u201317). SYnergy: Fine-grained Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Computing for Scalable Energy Saving. Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3581784.3607055"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.8360845","article-title":"Achieving energy efficiency and sustainability in edge\/fog deployment","volume":"56","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94697","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2995393","article-title":"Energy efficient virtual machines placement over cloud-fog network architecture","volume":"8","author":"Alharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, M.A., Patra, S.S., and Barik, R.K. (2020). Energy-efficient resource scheduling in fog computing using SDN framework. Progress in Computing, Analytics and Networking: Proceedings of the ICCAN 2019, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, 14\u201315 December 2019, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2414-1_57"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.06.032","article-title":"An energy harvesting solution for computation offloading in Fog Computing networks","volume":"160","author":"Bozorgchenani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathy, N., and Sahoo, S. (2023, January 29\u201331). Energy Aware Effective Task Offloading Mechanism in Fog Computing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Communication and Learning, Warangal, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56998-2_23"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, P., and Miao, G. (2018, January 9\u201313). Resource provision for energy-efficient mobile edge computing systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8648008"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., Rudra, A., and Verma, A. (2013, January 9\u201312). An energy complexity model for algorithms. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science, Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2422436.2422470"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellon, C.E., Khatib, T., Roy, S., Dutta, A., Kreidl, O.P., and B\u00f6l\u00f6ni, L. (2023). Energy-Efficient Blockchain-Enabled Multi-Robot Coordination for Information Gathering: Theory and Experiments. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12204239"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3137175","article-title":"Lightweight and privacy-preserving remote user authentication for smart homes","volume":"10","author":"Nimmy","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-04110-6","article-title":"Leveraging power consumption for anomaly detection on IoT devices in smart homes","volume":"14","author":"Nimmy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103723","article-title":"Enabling secure lightweight mobile Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) applications using blockchain","volume":"219","author":"Mohan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2023.101004","article-title":"EP-CuMAC: Energy and performance-efficient integrity protection for narrow-band IoT","volume":"25","author":"Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/2883591.2883605","article-title":"Harnessing energy efficiency of heterogeneous-isa platforms","volume":"49","author":"Bhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3219494","article-title":"Toward a green blockchain: Engineering merkle tree and proof of work for energy optimization","volume":"19","author":"Escobar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellon, C.E., Roy, S., Kreidl, O.P., Dutta, A., and B\u00f6l\u00f6ni, L. (2022, January 24\u201325). Towards an energy-efficient hash-based message authentication code (HMAC). Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 13th International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference (IGSC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGSC55832.2022.9969377"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellon, C., Roy, S., Kreidl, P., Dutta, A., and B\u00f6l\u00f6ni, L. (2021, January 20\u201322). Energy efficient merkle trees for blockchains. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 20th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom53373.2021.00149"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harish, P.D., and Roy, S. (2014, January 1\u20133). Towards Designing Greener Secured Hash Functions. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings), and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings.2014.106"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., Ahuja, S.P., Harish, P.D., and Talluri, S.R. (2018). Energy optimization in cryptographic protocols for the cloud. Applications of Security, Mobile, Analytic, and Cloud (SMAC) Technologies for Effective Information Processing and Management, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-4044-1.ch002"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Dunkels, A., Gronvall, B., and Voigt, T. (2004, January 16\u201318). Contiki-a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, Tampa, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.106436","article-title":"An intrusion detection framework for energy constrained IoT devices","volume":"136","author":"Arshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobakht, M., Sivaraman, V., and Boreli, R. (September, January 31). A host-based intrusion detection and mitigation framework for smart home IoT using OpenFlow. Proceedings of the 2016 11th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES), Salzburg, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2016.64"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4909-5","article-title":"Intrusion detection at international borders and large military barracks with multi-sink wireless sensor networks: An energy efficient solution","volume":"98","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2425142","article-title":"Energy-efficient intrusion detection and mitigation for networked control systems security","volume":"11","author":"Muradore","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISP.2019010107","article-title":"A survey: Intrusion detection techniques for internet of things","volume":"13","author":"Choudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur. Priv. (IJISP)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.02.009","article-title":"A survey of intrusion detection in Internet of Things","volume":"84","author":"Miani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24188","DOI":"10.3390\/s141224188","article-title":"A malicious pattern detection engine for embedded security systems in the Internet of Things","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.H., Wen, C.H., Chang, L.H., Chiang, H.S., and Hsieh, M.C. (2014). A lightweight intrusion detection scheme based on energy consumption analysis in 6LowPAN. Advanced Technologies, Embedded and Multimedia for Human-Centric Computing: HumanCom and EMC 2013, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7262-5_137"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794326","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/794326","article-title":"Routing attacks and countermeasures in the RPL-based internet of things","volume":"9","author":"Wallgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasinathan, P., Pastrone, C., Spirito, M.A., and Vinkovits, M. (2013, January 7\u20139). Denial-of-Service detection in 6LoWPAN based Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 9th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2013.6673419"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, A., Loo, J., Chai, K.K., and Aiash, M. (2016). A specification-based IDS for detecting attacks on RPL-based network topology. Information, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/info7020025"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanigaivelan, N.K., Nigussie, E., Kanth, R.K., Virtanen, S., and Isoaho, J. (2016, January 9\u201312). Distributed internal anomaly detection system for Internet-of-Things. Proceedings of the 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2016.7444797"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervantes, C., Poplade, D., Nogueira, M., and Santos, A. (2015, January 11\u201315). Detection of sinkhole attacks for supporting secure routing on 6LoWPAN for Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INM.2015.7140344"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2017.2772792","article-title":"A deep learning approach to network intrusion detection","volume":"2","author":"Shone","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid, A., Niyaz, Q., Sun, W., and Alam, M. (2016, January 3\u20135). A deep learning approach for network intrusion detection system. Proceedings of the 9th EAI International Conference on Bio-inspired Information and Communications Technologies (formerly BIONETICS), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.3-12-2015.2262516"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinayakumar, R., Soman, K., and Poornachandran, P. (2017, January 13\u201316). Applying convolutional neural network for network intrusion detection. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Udupi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2017.8126009"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Host-based intrusion detection system with system calls: Review and future trends","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.07.031","article-title":"Host-based intrusion detection systems adapted from agent-based artificial immune systems","volume":"88","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murtaza, S.S., Khreich, W., Hamou-Lhadj, A., and Couture, M. (2013, January 4\u20137). A host-based anomaly detection approach by representing system calls as states of kernel modules. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), Pasadena, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE.2013.6698896"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Cloud, G. (2024, May 22). Google Cloud IDS. Available online: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/security\/products\/intrusion-detection-system."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Services, A.W. (2024, May 22). Amazon GuardDuty. Available online: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/guardduty\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3073714","article-title":"Intrusion detection in green internet of things: A deep deterministic policy gradient-based algorithm","volume":"5","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrawashdeh, K., and Purdy, C. (2016, January 18\u201320). Toward an online anomaly intrusion detection system based on deep learning. Proceedings of the 2016 15th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2016.0040"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.04.191","article-title":"Intrusion Detection System (IDS): Anomaly detection using outlier detection approach","volume":"48","author":"Jabez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Anita S., C., and Gupta, S. (2015, January 8\u201310). An effective model for anomaly IDS to improve the efficiency. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), Greater Noida, India."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riecker, M., Biedermann, S., and Hollick, M. (2013, January 18\u201322). Lightweight energy consumption based intrusion detection system for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/2480362.2480698"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1109\/TW.2013.072313.122083","article-title":"Energy-efficient intrusion detection with a barrier of probabilistic sensors: Global and local","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6882","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2970501","article-title":"Passban IDS: An intelligent anomaly-based intrusion detection system for IoT edge devices","volume":"7","author":"Eskandari","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, S., Krishna, P.V., and Abraham, K.I. (2010, January 5\u20139). Energy efficient learning solution for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 Second International Conference on COMmunication Systems and NETworks (COMSNETS 2010), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2010.5431976"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-46","article-title":"Energy-efficient border intrusion detection using wireless sensors network","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1288","article-title":"Network intrusion detection using Snort","volume":"2","author":"Kurundkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"35","article-title":"Signature based intrusion detection system using SNORT","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamphakdee, N., Benjamas, N., and Saiyod, S. (2014, January 28\u201330). Improving intrusion detection system based on snort rules for network probe attack detection. Proceedings of the 2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT.2014.6914042"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3209-9","article-title":"Performance comparison and detection analysis in snort and suricata environment","volume":"94","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, N., Truong, L., Troja, E., and Aliasgari, M. (2022, January 14\u201316). Machine learning architecture for signature-based IoT intrusion detection in smart energy grids. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 21st Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON), Palermo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MELECON53508.2022.9843007"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, S.O., Siddiqui, M.S., Hong, C.S., and Choe, J. (2009, January 1\u20135). A novel coding scheme to implement signature based IDS in IP based Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2009 IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management-Workshops, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INMW.2009.5195973"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2016.12.001","article-title":"Hybrid of anomaly-based and specification-based IDS for Internet of Things using unsupervised OPF based on MapReduce approach","volume":"98","author":"Bostani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Techateerawat, P., and Jennings, A. (2006, January 18\u201322). Energy efficiency of intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology Workshops, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IATW.2006.65"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"V2","article-title":"Energy efficient hybrid intrusion detection system for wireless sensor networks","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Abduvaliyev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Electronics and Information Engineering"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94497","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928048","article-title":"TSE-IDS: A two-stage classifier ensemble for intelligent anomaly-based intrusion detection system","volume":"7","author":"Tama","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.110016","article-title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for intrusion detection in Internet of Things: Best practices, lessons learnt, and open challenges","volume":"236","author":"Rizzardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Migliardi, M., and Merlo, A. Modeling the energy consumption of distributed IDS: A step towards Green security. Proceedings of the 2011 Proceedings of the 34th International Convention MIPRO, Opatija, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2018.5036","article-title":"COLIDE: A collaborative intrusion detection framework for Internet of Things","volume":"8","author":"Arshad","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkels, A., Osterlind, F., Tsiftes, N., and He, Z. (2007, January 25\u201326). Software-based on-line energy estimation for sensor nodes. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors, Cork, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1278972.1278979"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Amiri, M. (2010). Measurements of Energy Consumption and Execution Time of Different Operations on Tmote Sky Sensor Nodes. [Ph.D. Thesis, Masarykova Univerzita, Fakulta Informatiky]."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Du, M., Yang, D., Zhu, C., and Sun, Y. (2016, January 4\u20138). Optimal active detection in machine-to-machine mobile networks: A repeated game approach. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2016.7982374"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9381","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2701551","article-title":"An accurate security game for low-resource IoT devices","volume":"66","author":"Sedjelmaci","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.04.014","article-title":"SVELTE: Real-time intrusion detection in the Internet of Things","volume":"11","author":"Raza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Agah, A., Das, S.K., Basu, K., and Asadi, M. (2004, January 1). Intrusion detection in sensor networks: A non-cooperative game approach. Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, 2004 (NCA 2004), Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, A.P.R., Martins, M.H., Rocha, B.P., Loureiro, A.A., Ruiz, L.B., and Wong, H.C. (2005, January 13). Decentralized intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Quality of Service & Security in Wireless and Mobile Networks, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1089761.1089765"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh, A., and Stoleru, R. (August, January 31). Towards optimal monitoring in cooperative ids for resource constrained wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2011 Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), Lahaina, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2011.6006035"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajasegarar, S., Leckie, C., Palaniswami, M., and Bezdek, J.C. (2007, January 24\u201328). Quarter sphere based distributed anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2007.637"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipl.2010.06.007","article-title":"Reliability of wireless sensors with code attestation for intrusion detection","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.785","article-title":"A lightweight intrusion detection framework for wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Hai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Ioannis, K., Dimitriou, T., and Freiling, F.C. (2007, January 1\u20134). Towards intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 13th European Wireless Conference, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.06.020","article-title":"Group-based intrusion detection system in wireless sensor networks","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.07.008","article-title":"eHIP: An energy-efficient hybrid intrusion prohibition system for cluster-based wireless sensor networks","volume":"51","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Livani, M.A., and Abadi, M. (2010, January 8\u201311). Distributed PCA-based anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2010.2051556","article-title":"An experimental study of hierarchical intrusion detection for wireless industrial sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, P., Ros, S., Song, I., Kang, S., and Kim, S. (2024). A Survey of Intelligent End-to-End Networking Solutions: Integrating Graph Neural Networks and Deep Reinforcement Learning Approaches. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13050994"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5516\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:51Z","timestamp":1760110971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}