{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:12Z","timestamp":1760145852192,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of phenomena related to the propagation of electromagnetic waves is a necessity with the development of mobile telephony networks. This paper deals with the problem of the quality of mobile telephony signals. The study uses a BTS scanner, dedicated to scanning the frequency spectrum and decoding information from base stations. The device is capable of scanning mobile networks from the second, third, fourth, and fifth generation (2G\/3G\/4G\/5G) using a passive sensor. The article presents preliminary results of monitoring cellular network signals using a scanner mounted on an unmanned aircraft. The collected data call for the need to evaluate the signal parameters of the cellular network depending on the altitude of signal reception. This property emerges as very important in the case of areas with a high level of urbanization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T03:51:06Z","timestamp":1724730666000},"page":"5526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on Mobile Network Parameters Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Warczek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Air Transport, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3394-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Kozuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Air Transport, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Marcisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Air Transport, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9792-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Pamu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Air Transport, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Dyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Air Transport, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2022305","article-title":"Remote monitoring of oil pipelines\u2019 cathodic protection system via GSM\/GPRS modem and the thingspeak platform","volume":"23","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostyka"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2322374","article-title":"An Enhanced Handover Scheme for Mobile Relays in LTE-A High-Speed Rail Networks","volume":"64","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towhidlou, V., Al-Rubaye, S., and Tsourdos, A. (2022, January 18\u201322). LTE Handover Design for Cellular-Connected Aircraft. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE\/AIAA 41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), Portsmouth, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC55683.2022.9925868"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Macioszek, E., Kang, N., and Sierpi\u0144ski, G. (2020). Evaluation of Changes in Drivers Behaviour Due to Introduction of Countdown Timers at Signalized Intersections Using UAV Data. Nodes in Transport Networks\u2014Research, Data Analysis and Modelling. TSTP 2019, Springer. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2100016","article-title":"Drone Networking in the 6G Era: A Technology Overview","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12803","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3051097","article-title":"Handover Management of Drones in Future Mobile Networks: 6G Technologies","volume":"9","author":"Angjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffelsberger, C., Muzaffar, R., and Bettstetter, C. (2019, January 27\u201330). A Performance Evaluation Tool for Drone Communications in 4G Cellular Networks. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS \u201919), Oulu, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2019.8877360"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sae, J., Wiren, R., Kauppi, J., Maattanen, H.-L., Torsner, J., and Valkama, M. (May, January 28). Public LTE Network Measurements with Drones in Rural Environment. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746290"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, M., Adarsh, V., Paul, U., Showalter, E., Zegura, E., Vigil-Hayes, M., and Belding, E. (2019, January 4\u20137). Evaluating LTE Coverage and Quality from an Unmanned Aircraft System. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2019.00029"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.35808\/ersj\/2584","article-title":"Seasonality in air traffic and incidence of dangerous occurrences in the Polish air transport market in 2010\u20132017","volume":"24","author":"Kozuba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Res. Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2917363","article-title":"Mobile Network-Connected Drones: Field Trials, Simulations, and Design Insights","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i3.33.18523","article-title":"Network Quality Measurements of LTE Drones","volume":"7","author":"Jwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-022-02125-3","article-title":"Method for QOE monitoring and increasing in cellular networks based on QOE-to-QOS mapping using spline approximation","volume":"2022","author":"Odarchenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, E., Xiong, X., and Zhou, X. Automating 3D wireless measurements with drones. Proceedings of the WiNTECH \u201916: Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental Evaluation, and Characterization, New York, NY, USA, 3\u20137 October 2016.","DOI":"10.1145\/2980159.2980168"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2956132","article-title":"Optimal Measurement Policy for Linear Measurement Systems with Applications to UAV Network Topology Prediction","volume":"69","author":"Razi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Festag, A., Udupa, S., Garcia, L., Wellens, R., Hecht, M., and Ulfig, P. (2021, January 27\u201330). End-to-End Performance Measurements of Drone Communications in 5G Cellular Networks. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall), Norman, OK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625429"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2537648","article-title":"Inflight Broadband Connectivity Using Cellular Networks","volume":"4","author":"Tadayon","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ide, C., Falkenberg, R., Kaulbars, D., and Wietfeld, C. (2016, January 15\u201318). Empirical Analysis of the Impact of LTE Downlink Channel Indicators on the Uplink Connectivity. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2016.7504211"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuaban, G.S., Gelenbe, E., Czach\u00f3rski, T., and Czekalski, P. (2023, January 16\u201318). Modelling the Energy Performance of Off-Grid Sustainable Green Cellular Base Stations. Proceedings of the 2023 31st International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), Stony Brook, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASCOTS59514.2023.10387661"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"211","article-title":"Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for water sampling in hard-to-reach water reservoirs","volume":"116","author":"Marcisz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. J. Silesian Univ. Technol. Ser. Transp."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:07Z","timestamp":1760110987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}