{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T15:36:59Z","timestamp":1782574619405,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62305038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305038"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62205041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205041"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20230423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230423"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KJQN202200567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200567"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KJQN202100546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100546"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202111000341\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202111000341\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202006000161\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006000161\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023NSFSC1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1438"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["62305038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305038"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["62205041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205041"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20230423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230423"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["KJQN202200567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200567"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["KJQN202100546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100546"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["202111000341\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202111000341\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["202006000161\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006000161\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2023NSFSC1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1438"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["62305038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305038"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["62205041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205041"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["BK20230423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230423"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJQN202200567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200567"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJQN202100546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100546"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["202111000341\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202111000341\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["202006000161\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006000161\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2023NSFSC1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1438"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["62305038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305038"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["62205041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205041"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["BK20230423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230423"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["KJQN202200567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200567"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["KJQN202100546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100546"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["202111000341\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202111000341\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["202006000161\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006000161\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral \u2018Through train\u2019 Research Project of Chongqing","award":["2023NSFSC1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1438"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["62305038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305038"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["62205041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205041"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["BK20230423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230423"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["KJQN202200567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200567"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["KJQN202100546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100546"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["202111000341\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202111000341\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["202006000161\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006000161\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Normal University Initial grant","award":["2023NSFSC1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1438"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["62305038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305038"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["62205041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205041"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["BK20230423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230423"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["KJQN202200567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200567"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["KJQN202100546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100546"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022BSXM-JSX0006"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["202111000341\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202111000341\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["202006000161\/02060404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006000161\/02060404"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2023NSFSC1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1438"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the high-precision optoelectronic tracking system (OTS) based on a charge-coupled device (CCD), the boresight error extracted from the tracking image contains an undeniable delay, which directly limits the control bandwidth of visual tracking. High bandwidth means high response speed and tracking accuracy. Generally, a model-based delay compensation control method called the Smith predictor is utilized to separate time delay from the closed loop to promote the control bandwidth. However, due to the existence of errors between the established model and the real object, the improvement in the bandwidth is still limited to ensure system stability, resulting in insufficient tracking performance. In this paper, to solve the problem, a Smith predictor modified with pseudo feedforward control for the OTS is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant improvements in tracking performance, reducing the maximum residual error at 1 Hz from 365 arcseconds (using the classic Smith predictor) to 283 arcseconds, a 22.5% improvement. Across the main frequency band (0.2 Hz to 2 Hz), the residual errors were consistently lower using the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T11:58:46Z","timestamp":1724759926000},"page":"5546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Smith Predictor Modified with a Pseudo Feedforward Control for the Charge-Coupled Device-Based Optoelectronic Tracking System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8024-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keran","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Photo-Electric Functional Materials and Laser Technology, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Institute for Development and Programme Design, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Institute for Development and Programme Design, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shige","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Institute for Development and Programme Design, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Photo-Electric Functional Materials and Laser Technology, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2022.11.004","article-title":"On adjustable and lossless suppression to disturbances and uncertainties for nonminimum-phase laser pointing system","volume":"136","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13288","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.013288","article-title":"Performance evaluation of coherent free space optical communications with a double-stage fast-steering-mirror adaptive optics system depending on the Greenwood frequency","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improved ADRC with ILC control of a CCD-based tracking loop for fast steering mirror system","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2011.2164541","article-title":"Image-based pointing and tracking for inertially stabilized airborne camera platform","volume":"20","author":"Hurak","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073005","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3467453","article-title":"Compensating for some errors related to time delay in a charge-coupled-device-based fast steering mirror control system using a feedforward loop","volume":"49","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Ren, W., Huang, Y., He, Q., Wu, Q., Zhou, X., and Mao, Y. (2018). Feedforward control based on error and disturbance observation for the CCD and fiber-Optic gyroscope-based mobile optoelectronic tracking system. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7100223"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Yang, W., Peng, Z., Tang, T., and Li, Z. (2016). Application of MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes in fast steering mirror control systems. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040440"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3567059","article-title":"PID-I controller of charge coupled device\u2013based tracking loop for fast-steering mirror","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comprehensive performance improvement control method by fractional order control","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.02.032","article-title":"Suppressions of vibration in the Tip-Tilt mirror control system by add-on controller","volume":"102","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.10.031","article-title":"An acceleration feed-forward control method based on fusion of model output and sensor data","volume":"284","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"106355","article-title":"Control of a class of second-order linear vibrating systems with time-delay: Smith predictor approach","volume":"137","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3062310","article-title":"Smith-predictor-based torque control of a rolling diaphragm hydrostatic transmission","volume":"6","author":"Bolignari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14636","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3244328","article-title":"Design of I-PD controller based modified Smith predictor for processes with inverse response and time delay using equilibrium optimizer","volume":"11","author":"Tufan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7018","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2584005","article-title":"Control of a class of industrial processes with time delay based on a modified uncertainty and disturbance estimator","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Chen, J., Deng, C., Mao, Y., and Li, Z. (2017). Improved Smith predictor control for fast steering mirror system. IOP Conference Series: Earth & Environmental Science, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu, China, 26\u201328 May 2017, IOP Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/69\/1\/012085"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2835147","article-title":"Stabilization control of electro-optical tracking system with fiber-optic gyroscope based on modified Smith predictor control scheme","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054107","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.61.5.054107","article-title":"Enhanced Smith predictor by Kalman filter prediction for the charge-coupled device-based visual tracking system","volume":"61","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:49Z","timestamp":1760111029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]}}}