{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:49:48Z","timestamp":1785952188450,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) belong to a family of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with single-photon detection capability that operate above the breakdown voltage (i.e., Geiger mode). Design and technology constraints, such as dark current, photon detection probability, and power dissipation, impose inherent device limitations on avalanche photodiodes. Moreover, after the detection of a photon, SPADs require dead time for avalanche quenching and recharge before they can detect another photon. The reduction in dead time results in higher efficiency for photon detection in high-frequency applications. In this work, an electronic interface, based on the pole-zero compensation technique for reducing dead time, was investigated. A nanosecond pulse generator was designed and fabricated to generate pulses of comparable voltage to an avalanche transistor. The quenching time constant (\u03c4q) is not affected by the compensation capacitance variation, while an increase of about 30% in the \u03c4q is related to the properties of the specific op-amp used in the design. Conversely, the recovery time was observed to be strongly influenced by the compensation capacitance. Reductions in the recovery time, from 927.3 ns down to 57.6 ns and 9.8 ns, were observed when varying the compensation capacitance in the range of 5\u20130.1 pF. The experimental results from an SPAD combined with an electronic interface based on an avalanche transistor are in strong accordance, providing similar output pulses to those of an illuminated SPAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:52:08Z","timestamp":1724831528000},"page":"5568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Design of an Electronic Interface for Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3391-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore A.","family":"Pullano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2142-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Twisha","family":"Titirsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3498-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Maruf Hossain","family":"Shuvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0501-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Kamrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"La Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6163-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino S.","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalla Mora, A., Di Sieno, L., Re, R., Pifferi, A., and Contini, D. 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