{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:00:33Z","timestamp":1781834433224,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Korea Innovation Foundation (INNOPOLIS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-TB-RD-0001-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-TB-RD-0001-01-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Korea Innovation Foundation (INNOPOLIS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240222M0303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240222M0303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Korea Innovation Foundation (INNOPOLIS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2E33141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2E33141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003600","name":"Korean National Police Agency (KNPA, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-TB-RD-0001-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-TB-RD-0001-01-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003600","name":"Korean National Police Agency (KNPA, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240222M0303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240222M0303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003600","name":"Korean National Police Agency (KNPA, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2E33141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2E33141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"KIST Intramural Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-TB-RD-0001-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-TB-RD-0001-01-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"KIST Intramural Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240222M0303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240222M0303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"KIST Intramural Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2E33141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2E33141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gait analysis systems are critical for assessing motor function in rehabilitation and elderly care. This study aimed to develop and optimize an abnormal gait classification algorithm considering joint impairments using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and walkway systems. Ten healthy male participants simulated normal walking, walking with knee impairment, and walking with ankle impairment under three conditions: without joint braces, with a knee brace, and with an ankle brace. Based on these simulated gaits, we developed classification models: distinguishing abnormal gait due to joint impairments, identifying specific joint disorders, and a combined model for both tasks. Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation (RFECV) was used for feature extraction, and models were fine-tuned using support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB). The IMU-based system achieved over 91% accuracy in classifying the three types of gait. In contrast, the walkway system achieved less than 77% accuracy in classifying the three types of gait, primarily due to high misclassification rates between knee and ankle joint impairments. The IMU-based system shows promise for accurate gait assessment in patients with joint impairments, suggesting future research for clinical application improvements in rehabilitation and patient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:52:08Z","timestamp":1724831528000},"page":"5571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Machine Learning Based Abnormal Gait Classification with IMU Considering Joint Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Soree","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongman","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk-June","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inchan","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Kyung","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungmin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200702000-00005","article-title":"Evaluation of the elderly patient with an abnormal gait","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAAOS-J. 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