{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:08:29Z","timestamp":1777525709813,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg VA Flanders-The Netherlands program","award":["2014TC16RFCB046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014TC16RFCB046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health, powered by pathogens that become increasingly proficient at withstanding antibiotic treatments. This review introduces the factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), highlighting the presence of antibiotics in different environmental and biological matrices as a significant contributor to the resistance. It emphasizes the urgent need for robust and effective detection methods to identify these substances and mitigate their impact on AMR. Traditional techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and immunoassays, are discussed alongside their limitations. The review underscores the emerging role of biosensors as promising alternatives for antibiotic detection, with a particular focus on electrochemical biosensors. Therefore, the manuscript extensively explores the principles and various types of electrochemical biosensors, elucidating their advantages, including high sensitivity, rapid response, and potential for point-of-care applications. Moreover, the manuscript investigates recent advances in materials used to fabricate electrochemical platforms for antibiotic detection, such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers, highlighting their role in enhancing sensor performance and selectivity. This review culminates with an evaluation and summary of commercially available and spin-off sensors for antibiotic detection, emphasizing their versatility and portability. By explaining the landscape, role, and future outlook of electrochemical biosensors in antibiotic detection, this review provides insights into the ongoing efforts to combat the escalating threat of AMR effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"5576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8543-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaux","family":"Frigoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Mikolaj P.","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Hooyberghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Lowdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Cleij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Dili\u00ebn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"Eersels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"van Grinsven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balloux, F., and van Dorp, L. (2017). Q&A: What Are Pathogens, and What Have They Done to and for Us?. BMC Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0433-z"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, August 02). 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