{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:33:20Z","timestamp":1780328000624,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange","award":["2020-MSCA-RISE-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-MSCA-RISE-2017"]}]},{"name":"European Commission under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange","award":["777661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increase in plantar pressure and skin temperature is commonly associated with an increased risk of diabetic foot ulcers. However, the effect of insoles in reducing plantar temperature has not been commonly studied. The aim was to assess the effect of walking in insoles with different features on plantar temperature. Twenty-six (F\/M:18\/8) participants\u201413 with diabetes and 13 healthy, aged 55.67 \u00b1 9.58 years\u2014participated in this study. Skin temperature at seven plantar regions was measured using a thermal camera and reported as the difference between the temperature after walking with an insole for 20 m versus the baseline temperature. The mixed analyses of variance indicated substantial main effects for the Insole Condition, for both the right [Wilks\u2019 Lambda = 0.790, F(14, 492) = 4.393, p &lt; 0.01, partial eta squared = 0.111] and left feet [Wilks\u2019 Lambda = 0.890, F(14, 492) = 2.103, p &lt; 0.011, partial eta squared = 0.056]. The 2.5 mm-tall dimple insole was shown to be significantly more effective at reducing the temperature in the hallux and third met head regions compared to the 4 mm-tall dimple insole. The insoles showed to be significantly more effective in the diabetes group versus the healthy group, with large effect size for the right [Wilks\u2019 Lambda = 0.662, F(14, 492) = 8.037, p &lt; 0.000, Partial eta-squared = 0.186] and left feet [Wilks\u2019 Lambda = 0.739, F(14, 492) = 5.727, p &lt; 0.000, Partial eta-squared = 0.140]. This can have important practical implications for designing insoles with a view to decrease foot complications in people with diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"5579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Dimple Insole Design on the Plantar Temperature and Pressure in People with Diabetes and in Healthy Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Zequera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baspi-Footlab, Electronics Department, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Avenida Carrera 7 41-20, Bogot\u00e1 11023, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro J.","family":"Almenar-Arasanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Innovation, Podoactiva, Technology Park Walqa, Huesca, Ctra N 330 a Km 566, 22197 Cuarte, Huesca, Spain"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Campus Universitario, St. Jorge University, Autov\u00eda Mud\u00e9jar, Km. 299, 50830 Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Alfaro-Santaf\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Innovation, Podoactiva, Technology Park Walqa, Huesca, Ctra N 330 a Km 566, 22197 Cuarte, Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ulster, 2-24 York Street, Belfast BT15 1AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2673-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Anaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baspi-Footlab, Electronics Department, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Avenida Carrera 7 41-20, Bogot\u00e1 11023, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Cubides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baspi-Footlab, Electronics Department, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Avenida Carrera 7 41-20, Bogot\u00e1 11023, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baspi-Footlab, Electronics Department, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Avenida Carrera 7 41-20, Bogot\u00e1 11023, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4394-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baspi-Footlab, Electronics Department, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Avenida Carrera 7 41-20, Bogot\u00e1 11023, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2998-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roozbeh","family":"Naemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Fredrick Road, Manchester M6 6PU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Federation, I.D. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021, International Diabetes Federation. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13935","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Lower Extremity Amputations among Type I and Type II Diabetic Patients: A Multicenter-based Study","volume":"20","author":"Tuglo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1212-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of Peripheral Neuropathy and Lower Extremity Disease in Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Hicks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15362","article-title":"Neuropathic Ulcers: A Focused Review","volume":"60","author":"Urso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.7547\/17-131","article-title":"Temperature as a Causative Factor in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Call to Revisit Ulceration Pathomechanics","volume":"109","author":"Yavuz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.09.028","article-title":"Temperature as a Predictive Tool for Plantar Triaxial Loading","volume":"47","author":"Yavuz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.2.169","article-title":"Infrared Dermal Thermometry for the High-Risk Diabetic Foot","volume":"77","author":"Armstrong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05020-7","article-title":"Preventing Foot Ulceration in Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of RCT Data","volume":"63","author":"Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2697","article-title":"IWGDF Guidance on Footwear and Offloading Interventions to Prevent and Heal Foot Ulcers in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Bus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2009.09.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of Insoles Used for the Prevention of Ulceration in the Neuropathic Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Paton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez-Perez, I., Gil-Calvo, M., Priego-Quesada, J.I., Aparicio, I., P\u00e9rez-Soriano, P., and de Anda, R.M.C.O. (2020). Effect of Prefabricated Thermoformable Foot Orthoses on Plantar Surface Temperature after Running: A Gender Comparison. J. Therm. Biol., 91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102612"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2019.05.009","article-title":"Temperature-and Pressure-Regulating Insoles for Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"59","author":"Yavuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Nova, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Cano, V.M., Caracuel-L\u00f3pez, J.M., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn, B., Escamilla-Mart\u00ednez, E., and S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, R. (2021). Effectiveness of a Central Discharge Element Sock for Plantar Temperature Reduction and Improving Comfort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116011"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-016-0172-3","article-title":"Getting the Right Balance: Insole Design Alters the Static Balance of People with Diabetes and Neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Paton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13950","article-title":"Immediate Effect of Textured Insoles on the Balance in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Alaee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00132","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.132","article-title":"Footwear and Insole Design Features for Offloading the Diabetic at Risk Foot-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"4","author":"Collings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemati, H., and Naemi, R. (2022). An Analytical Model to Predict Foot Sole Temperature: Implications to Insole Design for Physical Activity in Sport and Exercise. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136806"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12692","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12692","article-title":"A Systematic Evaluation of Cutaneous Microcirculation in the Foot Using Post-Occlusive Reactive Hyperemia","volume":"28","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microcirculation"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:44:27Z","timestamp":1760111067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]}}}