{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:57:26Z","timestamp":1779375446221,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE","award":["2022-EXT-003 ESPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-EXT-003 ESPE"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE","award":["INV-0019-01-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-0019-01-018"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Indoam\u00e9rica","award":["2022-EXT-003 ESPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-EXT-003 ESPE"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Indoam\u00e9rica","award":["INV-0019-01-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-0019-01-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims at proposing an affordable, non-wearable system to detect falls of people in need of care. The proposal uses artificial vision based on deep learning techniques implemented on a Raspberry Pi4 4GB RAM with a High-Definition IR-CUT camera. The CNN architecture classifies detected people into five classes: fallen, crouching, sitting, standing, and lying down. When a fall is detected, the system sends an alert notification to mobile devices through the Telegram instant messaging platform. The system was evaluated considering real daily indoor activities under different conditions: outfit, lightning, and distance from camera. Results show a good trade-off between performance and cost of the system. Obtained performance metrics are: precision of 96.4%, specificity of 96.6%, accuracy of 94.8%, and sensitivity of 93.1%. Regarding privacy concerns, even though this system uses a camera, the video is not recorded or monitored by anyone, and pictures are only sent in case of fall detection. This work can contribute to reducing the fatal consequences of falls in people in need of care by providing them with prompt attention. Such a low-cost solution would be desirable, particularly in developing countries with limited or no medical alert systems and few resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T03:40:39Z","timestamp":1724902839000},"page":"5592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Low-Cost Non-Wearable Fall Detection System Implemented on a Single Board Computer for People in Need of Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Embsys, Departamento de El\u00e9ctrica, Electr\u00f3nica y Telecomunicaciones, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumi\u00f1ahui y Ambato, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8841-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Embsys, Departamento de El\u00e9ctrica, Electr\u00f3nica y Telecomunicaciones, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumi\u00f1ahui y Ambato, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin A.","family":"Orbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Embsys, Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Electr\u00f3nica y Automatizaci\u00f3n, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumi\u00f1ahui y Ambato, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireya","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Mecatr\u00f3nica y Sistemas Interactivos (MIST), Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, Universidad Indoam\u00e9rica, Av. Machala y Sabanilla, Quito 170103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Valencia-Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Mecatr\u00f3nica y Sistemas Interactivos (MIST), Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, Universidad Indoam\u00e9rica, Av. Machala y Sabanilla, Quito 170103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43563","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2861331","article-title":"A novel monitoring system for fall detection in older people","volume":"6","author":"Taramasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6537a2","article-title":"Falls and fall injuries among adults aged \u226565 years\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Bergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. 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