{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T18:07:05Z","timestamp":1769278025412,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Development and Demonstration Application of Safety Sensors for Power Battery Pack Control","award":["2021YFB2012500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2012500"]}]},{"name":"Development and Demonstration Application of Safety Sensors for Power Battery Pack Control","award":["51577142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51577142"]}]},{"name":"National Fund Project","award":["2021YFB2012500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2012500"]}]},{"name":"National Fund Project","award":["51577142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51577142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy vehicles, the safety issues of lithium-ion batteries have attracted attentions from all sectors of society. Research has found that during the thermal runaway process of lithium-ion batteries, aerosol emissions usually occur earlier than other gases. Accurate and timely measurement of these aerosol concentrations can help to warn the power battery pack fires. However, existing aerosol sensors are unable to meet the requirements of real-time monitoring and high precision. This article proposes an ionization mechanism based aerosol sensor that works at principles of field emission, field charging and gas discharge, and investigates its static and dynamic response characteristics. The sensor is manufactured and assembled using Microelectro Mechanical Systems processing technology. The sensor exhibits superior performances in terms of range, sensitivity, nonlinearity, repeatability, response time, and other aspects. The study provides a new solution for current aerosol detection with great potential for application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T08:01:47Z","timestamp":1724918507000},"page":"5600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Ionization-Based Aerosol Sensor and Its Performance Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.09.055","article-title":"An overview of electricity powered vehicles: Lithium-ion battery energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency","volume":"162","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. 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