{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:03Z","timestamp":1760145783287,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of the Education Department of Henan Province","award":["23A460002","2021BS064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A460002","2021BS064"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Henan University of Technology","award":["23A460002","2021BS064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23A460002","2021BS064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is regarded as the mainstream application material for achieving flexible driving technology in various engineering fields. In this article, aiming at the non-independence of the current IPMC electric driving method, an IPMC optical-controlled flexible driving method based on the photoinduced effects of lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramic is proposed. To this end, a mathematical model for IPMC optical controlled flexible driving is built on the basis of the photovoltaic characteristic of PLZT ceramic, and the driving performance is experimentally analyzed through different lengths of IPMC under the excitation of different direct currents and light intensities. From the analysis and experimental results, when PLZT ceramic is irradiated by different light intensities, the output deformation of IPMC increases with increases in light intensity, and finally reaches a stable state. Moreover, the actuation curves obtained by light excitation and direct current excitation are consistent, and the motion coefficient reflects the driving performance more accurately. In addition, using light energy as an excitation source to drive IPMC not only provides new ideas for its development in the flexible driving field, but also provides a theoretical basis for its practical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1725010772000},"page":"5650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Analysis of IPMC Optical-Controlled Flexible Driving Performance under PLZT Ceramic Configuration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yafeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"},{"name":"Shitai Industrial Corp Ltd., Taizhou 317100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingmei","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shitai Industrial Corp Ltd., Taizhou 317100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenghu","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernat, J., Gajewski, P., Kolota, J., and Marcinkowska, A. (2023). Review of Soft Actuators Controlled with Electrical Stimuli: IPMC, DEAP, and MRE. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031651"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-023-03828-4","article-title":"A hybrid photovoltaic\/flexoelectric actuation mechanism applied to precision actuation and vibration control of beams","volume":"235","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli, A., Nitti, A., Po, R.C., and Pasini, D. (2023). 3D printing of layered structures of metal-ionic polymers: Recent progress, challenges and opportunities. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155327"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-022-00250-9","article-title":"The development of a venus flytrap inspired soft robot driven by IPMC","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908508","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908508","article-title":"High-performance ionic-polymer\u2013metal composite: Toward large-deformation fast-response artificial muscles","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2020.1783020","article-title":"The square rod-shaped ionic polymer-metal composite and its application in interventional surgical guide device","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Chee, P.S., Lim, E.H., and Tan, C.H. (2021). Artificial intelligence-assisted throat sensor using ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (IPMC) material. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183041"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horiuchi, T., Mihashi, T., Hoshi, S., Okamoto, F., and Oshika, T. (2021). Artificial accommodating intraocular lens powered by an ion polymer-metal composite actuator. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252986"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2016.2624762","article-title":"A compact ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuated valveless pump for drug delivery","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, G.H., and Liu, H.Y. (2019). An Out-of-Plane Operated Soft Engine Driving Stretchable Zone Plate for Adjusting Focal Point of an Ultrasonic Beam. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183819"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/2\/025002","article-title":"A mathematical model for predicting photo-induced voltage and photostriction of PLZT with coupled multi-physics fields and its application","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.17172","article-title":"Reinvestigation of the photostrictive effect in lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate ferroelectrics","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10584587.2023.2173444","article-title":"Vibration Control of a Dynamic Structure Using PLZT Sensor and Actuator with Temperature Variation","volume":"232","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Emani, S.R., Raju, K.C.J., Ryu, J.H., and James, A.R. (2023). Investigation of the effects of reduced sintering temperature on dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties of microwave-sintered PLZT 8\/60\/40 ceramics. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13236457"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, K., Jin, X.C., Meng, J., Li, X., and Ren, Y.F. (2018). Frequency invariability of (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti) O3 antiferroelectric thick-film micro-cantilevers. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051542"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.C., Lv, Z., Tang, Y.J., Wang, X.J., Liu, X., and Chen, Y.S. (2023). Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation of a Light-Controlled Variable Damping System. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083194"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085010","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab28da","article-title":"A new photovoltaic lunar dust removal technique based on the coplanar bipolar electrodes","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"59","article-title":"An optimization dust-removing electrode design method aiming at improving dust mitigation efficiency in lunar exploration","volume":"166","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X20923092","article-title":"The experimental analysis on the driving characteristics of photo response torsion actuator","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2020.114798","article-title":"Investigation on influence factors of opto-electrostatic hybrid driving torsion actuator based on PLZT ceramic","volume":"263","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2006.886256","article-title":"Performance quantification of conducting polymer actuators for real applications: A microgripping system","volume":"12","author":"Alici","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5650\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:53Z","timestamp":1760111153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175650","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}