{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:33:26Z","timestamp":1777613606069,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH\u2013CREATE\u2013INNOVATE","award":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-01934\/FOODSENS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-01934\/FOODSENS"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH\u2013CREATE\u2013INNOVATE","award":["101007299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007299"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation pro-gram through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant","award":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-01934\/FOODSENS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-01934\/FOODSENS"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation pro-gram through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant","award":["101007299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007299"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quality and authenticity of milk are of paramount importance. Cow milk is more allergenic and less nutritious than ewe, goat, or donkey milk, which are often adulterated with cow milk due to their seasonal availability and higher prices. In this work, a silicon photonic dipstick sensor accommodating two U-shaped Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) was employed for the label-free detection of the adulteration of ewe, goat, and donkey milk with cow milk. One of the two MZIs of the chip was modified with bovine \u03ba-casein, while the other was modified with bovine serum albumin to serve as a blank. All assay steps were performed by immersion of the chip side where the MZIs are positioned into the reagent solutions, leading to a photonic dipstick immunosensor. Thus, the chip was first immersed in a mixture of milk with anti-bovine \u03ba-casein antibody and then in a secondary antibody solution for signal enhancement. A limit of detection of 0.05% v\/v cow milk in ewe, goat, or donkey milk was achieved in 12 min using a 50-times diluted sample. This fast, sensitive, and simple assay, without the need for sample pre-processing, microfluidics, or pumps, makes the developed sensor ideal for the detection of milk adulteration at the point of need.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T12:54:42Z","timestamp":1725281682000},"page":"5688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Photonic Dipstick Immunosensor to Detect Adulteration of Ewe, Goat, and Donkey Milk with Cow Milk through Bovine \u03ba-Casein Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Kourti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoassays\u2013Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR \u201cDemokritos\u201d, GR-15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece"},{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michailia","family":"Angelopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoassays\u2013Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR \u201cDemokritos\u201d, GR-15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-5518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Makarona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR \u201cDemokritos\u201d, GR-15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Economou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9125-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiota","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoassays\u2013Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR \u201cDemokritos\u201d, GR-15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Misiakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR \u201cDemokritos\u201d, GR-15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Kakabakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoassays\u2013Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR \u201cDemokritos\u201d, GR-15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12181","article-title":"Impacts of Milk Fraud on Food Safety and Nutrition with Special Emphasis on Developing Countries","volume":"15","author":"Handford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. 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