{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:30:43Z","timestamp":1782937843987,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"start-up funds for scientific research of high-level talents in Foshan University","award":["32371521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371521"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32371521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, nanoporous gold (NPG) was deposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by the dynamic hydrogen bubble template (DHBT) method to prepare an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The electrodeposition potential and electrodeposition time for NPG\/SPCE preparation were investigated thoroughly. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) analysis confirmed successful fabrication of the NPG-modified electrode. Electrochemical characterization exhibits its superior electron transfer ability compared with bare and nanogold-modified electrodes. After a comprehensive optimization, Pb2+ and Cu2+ were simultaneously determined with linear range of 1\u2013100 \u03bcg\/L for Pb2+ and 10\u2013100 \u03bcg\/L for Cu2+, respectively. The limits of detection were determined to be 0.4 \u03bcg\/L and 5.4 \u03bcg\/L for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. This method offers a broad linear detection range, a low detection limit, and good reliability for heavy metal determination in drinking water. These results suggest that NPG\/SPCE holds great promise in environmental and food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T08:46:22Z","timestamp":1725439582000},"page":"5745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nanoporous Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yongfang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2945-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Phenome Institute, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"International Human Phenome Institutes, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2019.1592108","article-title":"A Review on Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil: Effects, Sources, and Remediation Techniques","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-019-4221-y","article-title":"Sources of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Accumulation in Vegetables: A Review","volume":"230","author":"Aneta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Poll."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Cabral-Pinto, M.M.S., Chaturvedi, A.K., Shabnam, A.A., Subrahmanyam, G., Mondal, R., Gupta, D.K., Malyan, S.K., and Kumar, S.S. (2020). Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072179"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.51985\/JBUMDC2018046","article-title":"Copper and human health\u2014A review","volume":"8","author":"Karim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bahria Univ. Med. Dent. Coll."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124101","article-title":"Dual detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+ by a coumarin-functionalized Schiff base in environmental and biosystems","volume":"313","author":"Musikavanhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106726","article-title":"Application of gold nanoparticles\/polyaniline-multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode for electrochemical sensing of zinc, lead, and copper","volume":"170","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Yi, Z., Liang, Q., Zhen, J., Wang, R., Li, M., Zeng, L., and Li, Y. (2023). In situ deposition of gold nanoparticles and L-Cysteine on screen-printed carbon electrode for rapid electrochemical determination of As(III) in water and tea. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010130"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoes.2024.100544","article-title":"In-situ deposition of gold nanoparticles on screen-printed carbon electrode for rapid determination of Hg2+ in water samples","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.10.176","article-title":"Ionic liquid\/poly-lcysteine composite deposited on flexible and hierarchical porous laser-engraved graphene electrode for high-performance electrochemical analysis of lead ion","volume":"295","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.05.044","article-title":"A novel Fe-Chitosan-coated carbon electrode sensor for in situ As(III) detection in mining wastewater and soil leachate","volume":"294","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.07.137","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of arsenic contamination based on hybridization chain reaction and RecJ(f) exonuclease-mediated amplification","volume":"353","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.04.065","article-title":"One pot synthesis of dandelionlike polyaniline coated gold nanoparticles composites for electrochemical sensing applications","volume":"525","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123794","article-title":"Novel Au-tetrahedral aptamer nanostructure for the electrochemiluminescence detection of acetamiprid","volume":"401","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001178","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing","volume":"112","author":"Saha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000927","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202000927","article-title":"Nanoporous Gold-Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattarai, J.K., Neupane, D., Nepal, B., Mikhaylov, V., Demchenko, A.V., and Stine, K.J. (2018). Preparation, modification, characterization, and biosensing application of nanoporous gold using electrochemical techniques. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8030171"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.04.186","article-title":"Fabrication of nanoporous gold-islands via hydrogen bubble template: An efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions","volume":"44","author":"Sukeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.10.004","article-title":"Electrodeposited honeycomb-like dendritic porous gold surface: An efficient platform for enzyme-free hydrogen peroxide sensor at low overpotential","volume":"805","author":"Sukeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126679","article-title":"Dynamic gas bubble template electrodeposition mechanisms and amperometric glucose sensing performance of three kinds of three-dimensional honeycomb like porous nano-golds","volume":"296","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11401","DOI":"10.20964\/2020.11.41","article-title":"Surface Properties of Nanostructured Gold Coatings Electrodeposited at Different Potentials","volume":"15","author":"Zaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2011.10.014","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles electrodeposited on glassy carbon using cyclic voltammetry: Application to Hg(II) trace analysis","volume":"664","author":"Hezard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.08.013","article-title":"Electrocrystallization of Au nanoparticles on glassy carbon from HClO4 solution containing [AuCl4]\u2212","volume":"54","author":"Komsiyska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC06638C","article-title":"Building with bubbles: The formation of high surface area honeycomb-like films via hydrogen bubble templated electrodeposition","volume":"51","author":"Plowman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037532","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab64c0","article-title":"Review\u2014Recent Advances in the Development of Nanoporous Au for Sensing Applications","volume":"167","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2005.12.006","article-title":"The effect of hydrogen codeposition on the morphology of copper electrodeposits. I. The concept of effective overpotential","volume":"588","author":"Popov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13645","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00807","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Arsenic Using Electrogenerated Nanotextured Gold Assemblage","volume":"4","author":"Babar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollella, P. (2020). Porous Gold: A New Frontier for Enzyme-Based Electrodes. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040722"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollella, P., Sharma, S., Cass, A.E.G., Tasca, F., and Antiochia, R. (2019). Minimally Invasive Glucose Monitoring Using a Highly Porous Gold Microneedles-Based Biosensor: Characterization and Application in Artificial Interstitial Fluid. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9070580"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(92)80162-W","article-title":"Real surface area measurements in electrochemistry","volume":"327","author":"Trasatti","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.125","article-title":"Correlating surface growth of nanoporous gold with electrodeposition parameters to optimize amperometric sensing of nitrite","volume":"263","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regiart, M., Ledo, A., Fernandes, E., Messina, G.A., Brett, C.M.A., Bertotti, M., and Barbosa, R.M. (2022). Highly sensitive and selective nanostructured microbiosensors for glucose and lactate simultaneous measurements in blood serum and in vivo in brain tissue. Biosens. Bioelectron., 199.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113874"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2521-8","article-title":"A screen-printed carbon electrode modified with a bismuth film and gold nanoparticles for simultaneous stripping voltammetric determination of Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II)","volume":"184","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51029H","article-title":"Electrochemical artifacts originating from nanoparticle contamination by Ag\/AgCl quasi-reference electrodes","volume":"14","author":"Alexey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.08.033","article-title":"A review of the identification and detection of heavy metal ions in the environment by voltammetry","volume":"178","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, X., Yi, Z., and Wang, R. (2024). In situ deposition of bismuth on pre-anodized screen-printed electrode for sensitive determination of Cd2+ in water and rice with a portable device. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69626-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.127","article-title":"Screen-printed gold electrode with gold nanoparticles modification for simultaneous electrochemical determination of lead and copper","volume":"209","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103250","article-title":"Cerium oxide-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition grown carbon nanofibers for electrochemical detection of Pb(II) and Cu(II)","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.10.059","article-title":"Calixarene bulk modified screen-printed electrodes (SPCCEs) as a one-shot disposable sensor for the simultaneous detection of lead(II), copper(II) and mercury(II) ions: Application to environmental samples","volume":"267","author":"Adarakatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.12.031","article-title":"In situ synthesis and properties of reduced graphene oxide\/Bi nanocomposites: As an electroactive material for analysis of heavy metals","volume":"43","author":"Sahoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7486","article-title":"Determining the arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and chromium contents by atomic absorption spectrometry in Pangasius fillets from Vietnam","volume":"96","author":"Luciano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b00400","article-title":"Fully Automatic In-Syringe Magnetic Stirring-Assisted Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction Hyphenated to High-Temperature Torch Integrated Sample Introduction System-Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer with Direct Injection of the Organic Phase","volume":"89","author":"Raquel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034002","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-6272\/aae7dc","article-title":"Detection of heavy metals in water samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with annular groove graphite flakes","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plasma Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:48:35Z","timestamp":1760111315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]}}}