{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:20:30Z","timestamp":1769754030738,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2022YFE0111400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0111400"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2023YQ027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YQ027"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["62275172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275172"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Instrument Development Project of Shenzhen University","award":["2022YFE0111400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0111400"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Instrument Development Project of Shenzhen University","award":["2023YQ027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YQ027"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Instrument Development Project of Shenzhen University","award":["62275172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275172"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Instrument Development Project of Shenzhen University","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFE0111400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0111400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YQ027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YQ027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62275172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing","award":["2022YFE0111400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0111400"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing","award":["2023YQ027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YQ027"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing","award":["62275172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275172"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The deep integration of communication and sensing technology in fiber-optic systems has been highly sought after in recent years, with the aim of rapid and cost-effective large-scale upgrading of existing communication cables in order to monitor ocean activities. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a high-degree of compatibility was shown between forward-transmission distributed fiber-optic vibration sensing and an on\u2013off keying (OOK)-based communication system. This type of deep integration allows distributed sensing to utilize the optical fiber communication cable, wavelength channel, optical signal and demodulation receiver. The addition of distributed sensing functionality does not have an impact on the communication performance, as sensing involves no hardware changes and does not occupy any bandwidth; instead, it non-intrusively analyzes inherent vibration-induced noise in the data transmitted. Likewise, the transmission of communication data does not affect the sensing performance. For data transmission, 150 Mb\/s was demonstrated with a BER of 2.8 \u00d7 10\u22127 and a QdB of 14.1. For vibration sensing, the forward-transmission method offers distance, time, frequency, intensity and phase-resolved monitoring. The limit of detection (LoD) is 8.3 p\u03b5\/Hz1\/2 at 1 kHz. The single-span sensing distance is 101.3 km (no optical amplification), with a spatial resolution of 0.08 m, and positioning accuracy can be as low as 10.1 m. No data averaging was performed during signal processing. The vibration frequency range tested is 10\u20131000 Hz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T10:58:46Z","timestamp":1725447526000},"page":"5758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Deep Integration of Fiber-Optic Communication and Sensing Systems Using Forward-Transmission Distributed Vibration Sensing and on\u2013off Keying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Runlong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1562-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Shangwei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8453-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Rendong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 316000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean Technology and Equipment Innovation Center, Suzhou 215000, China"}]},{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2469-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7730-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro\/Nano Manufacturing, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5113955","article-title":"Distributed optical fiber sensing: Review and perspective","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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