{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:45Z","timestamp":1760145885223,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noninvasive imaging of circuit breakers under short-circuit testing is addressed by recording the magnetic field produced over an array of external sensors and by solving an inverse problem to identify the causing current distribution. The temporal and spatial resolution of the sensing chain are studied and implemented in a physical set-up. A wire model is adopted to describe electrical current distribution. Additionally, the simpler, more direct approach to evaluating the passage of electric current in front of sensors is proposed. The dynamics of suitable approximating models of the electric arc that forms across contacts is obtained and agrees with multi-physical simulations and with experimental time histories of current and voltage. The two methods are flexible and allow the analysis of different types of circuit breakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T08:36:08Z","timestamp":1725525368000},"page":"5779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetic Sensor Array for Electric Arc Reconstruction in Circuit Breakers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"D\u2019Antona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5868-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABB Electrification, Smart Buildings Division, Vittuone, 20009 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6692-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Prando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABB Electrification, Smart Buildings Division, Vittuone, 20009 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rigamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABB Electrification, Smart Buildings Division, Vittuone, 20009 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273001","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/46\/27\/273001","article-title":"Low-voltage circuit breaker arcs\u2014Simulation and measurements","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Arc Simulation in Low Voltage Switching Devices, a Case Study","volume":"2","author":"Bianchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"261","article-title":"Arc Modeling Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Narayanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3428737","article-title":"Optical fiber imaging for high speed plasma motion diagnostics: Applied to low voltage circuit breakers","volume":"81","author":"McBride","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Rigamonti, F. (2017). Diagnostic Methods for Electric Arc Plasma in Low Voltage Circuit Breakers: Modeling and Computational Aspects. [Ph.D. Thesis, Politecnico di Milano]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Taccola, M. (2017). 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Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems, John Wiley & Sons."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5779\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:49:15Z","timestamp":1760111355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175779","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}