{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:43:45Z","timestamp":1790138625548,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Research Project on Large-Size Precision Positioning Technology for Smart Factories","award":["S2018-YF-ZDGY-0583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018-YF-ZDGY-0583"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Research Project on Large-Size Precision Positioning Technology for Smart Factories","award":["52205576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205576"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Research Project on Large-Size Precision Positioning Technology for Smart Factories","award":["LabSOMP-2023-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LabSOMP-2023-04"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["S2018-YF-ZDGY-0583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018-YF-ZDGY-0583"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52205576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205576"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LabSOMP-2023-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LabSOMP-2023-04"]}]},{"name":"Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of Optoelectronic Measurement and Intelligent Sensing","award":["S2018-YF-ZDGY-0583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018-YF-ZDGY-0583"]}]},{"name":"Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of Optoelectronic Measurement and Intelligent Sensing","award":["52205576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205576"]}]},{"name":"Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of Optoelectronic Measurement and Intelligent Sensing","award":["LabSOMP-2023-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LabSOMP-2023-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The photoelectric sensing unit in a large-space measurement system primarily determines the measurement accuracy of the system. Aiming to resolve the problem whereby existing sensing units have difficulty accurately measuring the hidden points and free-form surfaces in large components, in this study, we designed a multi-node fusion of a combined sensor. Firstly, a multi-node fusion hidden-point measurement model and a solution model are established, and the measurement results converge after the number of nodes is simulated to be nine. Secondly, an adaptive front-end photoelectric conditioning circuit, including signal amplification, filtering, and adjustable level is designed, and the accuracy of the circuit function is verified. Then, a nonlinear least-squares calibration method is proposed by combining the constraints of the multi-position vector cones, and the internal parameters of the probe, in relation to the various detection nodes, are calibrated. Finally, a distributed system and laser tracking system are introduced to establish a fusion experimental validation platform, and the results show that the standard deviation and accuracy of the three-axis measurement of the test point of the combined sensor in the measurement area of 7000 mm \u00d7 7000 mm \u00d7 3000 mm are better than 0.026 mm and 0.24 mm, respectively, and the accuracy of the length measurement is within 0.28 mm. Further, the measurement accuracy of the hidden point of the aircraft hood and the free-form surface is better than 0.26 mm, which can meet most of the industrial measurement needs and expand the application field of large-space measurement systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T07:14:04Z","timestamp":1725866044000},"page":"5848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Combined Sensor Design Applied to Large-Scale Measurement Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Aerocomm Measurement and Control Technology Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huashuai","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Aerocomm Measurement and Control Technology Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Aerocomm Measurement and Control Technology Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiapei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710126, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45646","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2864565","article-title":"Development of an integrated laser sensors based measurement system for large-scale components automated assembly application","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.03.037","article-title":"Measuring principle and uncertainty analysis of a large volume measurement network based on the combination of iGPS and portable scanner","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.102010","article-title":"A mobile robotic measurement system for large-scale complex components based on optical scanning and visual tracking","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robot. 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