{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:11Z","timestamp":1760145851378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52305594","2024JJ6460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305594","2024JJ6460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52305594","2024JJ6460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305594","2024JJ6460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) excels in engineering intricate shapes, pioneering functional components, and lightweight structures. Nevertheless, components fabricated through AM often manifest elevated residual stresses and a myriad of thermally induced micro-instabilities, including cracking, incomplete fusion, crazing, porosity, spheroidization, and inclusions. In response, this study proposed a sophisticated multi-sensing inspection system specifically tailored for the inspection of thermally induced micro-instabilities at the micro\u2013nano scale. Simulation results substantiate that the modulation transfer function (MTF) values for each field of view in both visible and infrared optical channels surpass the benchmark of 0.3, ensuring imaging fidelity conducive to meticulous examination. Furthermore, the innovative system can discern and accurately capture data pertaining to thermally induced micro-instabilities across visible and infrared spectra, seamlessly integrating this information into a backend image processing system within operational parameters of a 380\u2013450 mm distance and a 20\u201370 \u00b0C temperature range. Notably, the system\u2019s design is harmoniously aligned with the requisites of processing and assembly, heralding a significant advancement in bolstering the inspection effect of thermally induced micro-instabilities for the AM component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T11:31:59Z","timestamp":1725881519000},"page":"5859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-Sensing Inspection System for Thermally Induced Micro-Instability in Metal-Based Selective Laser Melting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Precision Machining Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Rongjie","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.15302\/J-SSCAE-2022.04.018","article-title":"Development of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Industry in China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taml.2022.100415","article-title":"Characterization methods for additive manufacturing","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"68","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technology in military logistics","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Def. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing\u2014Current Situation and Future","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"22","article-title":"Additive manufacturing\u2014Revolutionary technology for leading aerospace manufacturing","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23894","article-title":"3D printing of high-strength aluminum alloys","volume":"549","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.111945","article-title":"Design and 3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced heterogeneous composites","volume":"237","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2021.22.003","article-title":"Review on Defect Characterization and Structural Integrity Assessment Method of Additively Manufactured Materials","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taml.2022.100396","article-title":"A review on stress determination and control in metal-based additive manufacturing","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"263","article-title":"In-situ monitoring of laser-based PBF via off-axis vision and image processing approaches","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"101470","article-title":"Observing molten pool surface oscillations during keyhole processing in laser powder bed fusion as a novel method to estimate the penetration depth","volume":"36","author":"Caprio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"548","article-title":"Melt pool temperature and cooling rates in laser powder bed fusion","volume":"22","author":"Hooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8","article-title":"Quality characteristics and nondestructive test and evaluation technology for laser additive manufacturing alloy steel components","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4914609","article-title":"Ultrasonic online monitoring of additive manufacturing processes based on selective laser melting","volume":"1650","author":"Rieder","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Zhou, Z., and Li, Y. (2019). Application of Ultrasonic Array Method for the Inspection of TC18 Addictive Manufacturing Titanium Alloy. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204371"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2011.05.006","article-title":"Computed tomography for dimensional metrology","volume":"60","author":"Kruth","year":"2011","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2015.1112412","article-title":"Measurement and characterization of porosity in aluminum selective laser melting parts using X-ray CT","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"44","article-title":"Application of X-ray computed tomography(CT) to detect quality of continuous casting products","volume":"30","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Metall."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.10.019","article-title":"The investigation of plume and spatter signatures on melted states in selective laser melting","volume":"111","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"302","article-title":"Correlation of selective laser melting-melt pool events with the tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI processed by laser powder bed fusion","volume":"22","author":"Bisht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1420","article-title":"A Dehaze Algorithm Based on Near-Infrared and Visible Dual Channel Sensor Information Fusion","volume":"39","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spect. Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Yu, D., and Tan, H. (2016). Engineering Optics, China Machine Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"567","article-title":"Design of Extra Large Aperture Wide Angle Day and Night Confocal Monitoring Lens","volume":"68","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"140","article-title":"Design of Double Telecentric Lens Using Machine Vision System","volume":"44","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infrared Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"27","article-title":"Design of Optical Simulation Experiment Platform Based on Zemax","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Luoyang Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011201","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202220.011201","article-title":"Design of a real-time fiber-optic infrared imaging system with wide-angle and large depth of field","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Que, L. (2016). Research on Integrated Design and Crucial Technology for Uncooled Infrared Focal Plane Detector Chip, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.002697","article-title":"Optical design and evaluation of a 4 mm cost-effective ultra-high-definition arthroscope","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5859\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:52:28Z","timestamp":1760111548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/17\/5859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24175859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24175859","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]}}}