{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T03:06:21Z","timestamp":1784430381972,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Brazilian funding agency The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["306774\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306774\/2021-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents the study of a reproducible acoustic emission method based on the launching of a metallic sphere and low-cost piezoelectric diaphragm. For this purpose, tests were first conducted on a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer structure, and then on an aluminum structure for comparative analysis. The pencil-lead break (PLB) tests were also conducted for comparisons with the proposed method. Different launching heights and elastic deformations of the structures were investigated. The results show higher repeatability for the sphere impact method, as the PLB is more affected by human inaccuracy, and it was also effective in damage detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T07:33:25Z","timestamp":1725953605000},"page":"5874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Proposed Non-Destructive Method Based on Sphere Launching and Piezoelectric Diaphragm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2672-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano Soares","family":"Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9934-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Roberto","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4358-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doriana M.","family":"D\u2019Addona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8476-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Oliveira Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, 400, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinaldo G\u00f6tz Oliveira","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul (IFSM), R. \u00c2ngelo Mel\u00e3o, 790, Tr\u00eas Lagoas 79641-162, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wavemoti.2020.102526","article-title":"Numerical simulation of ultrasonic time reversal on defects in carbon fibre reinforced polymer","volume":"94","author":"Lints","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wave Motion"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2018.02.001","article-title":"A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Def. 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