{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T07:40:26Z","timestamp":1763106026501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Computer Science and Informatics Research Centre (CIRC), Nottingham Trent University UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh networks provide flexible and reliable communication among low-power sensor-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) devices, enabling them to communicate in a flexible and robust manner. Nonetheless, the majority of existing BLE-based mesh protocols operate as flooding-based piconet or scatternet overlays on top of existing Bluetooth star topologies. In contrast, the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol used primarily in wireless ad hoc networks (WAHNs) is forwarding-based and therefore more efficient, with lower overheads. However, the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and link recovery time for AODV performs worse compared to flooding-based BLE protocols when encountering link disruptions. We propose the Multipath Optimized AODV (M-O-AODV) protocol to address these issues, with improved PDR and link robustness compared with other forwarding-based protocols. In addition, M-O-AODV achieved a PDR of 88%, comparable to the PDR of 92% for flooding-based BLE, unlike protocols such as Reverse-AODV (R-AODV). Also, M-O-AODV was able to perform link recovery within 3700 ms in the case of node failures, compared with other forwarding-based protocols that require 4800 ms to 6000 ms. Consequently, M-O-AODV-based BLE mesh networks are more efficient for wireless sensor-enabled IoT environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1726050781000},"page":"5901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing Reliability and Stability of BLE Mesh Networks: A Multipath Optimized AODV Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Rizwan","family":"Ghori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3094-8228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tat-Chee","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Chand","family":"Sodhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Aljaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0590-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amna","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Safaa","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omprakash","family":"Kaiwartya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2864994","article-title":"Modeling the Connectivity of Data-Channel-Based Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Networks","volume":"22","author":"Darroudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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