{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:28:44Z","timestamp":1774690124490,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science","award":["52205581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205581"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science","award":["2023M734285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M734285"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52205581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M734285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M734285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eddy current sensors are increasingly being used to measure the dynamic blade tip clearance in turbines due to their robust anti-interference capabilities and non-contact measurement advantages. However, the current research primarily focuses on enhancing the performance of eddy current sensors themselves, with few studies investigating the influence of turbine rotor parameters on the measurements taken by these sensors for dynamic blade tip clearance. Hence, this paper addresses this gap by using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software to establish a finite model with circuit interfaces. Additionally, the model\u2019s validity was verified through experiments. This model is used to simulate the voltage output of the sensor and the measurement of dynamic blade tip clearance under various rotor parameters. The results indicate that the length and number of blades, as well as the hub radius, significantly affect the sensor voltage output in comparison to rotation speed. Furthermore, we show that traditional static calibration methods are inadequate for measuring dynamic blade tip clearance using eddy current sensors. Instead, it is demonstrated that incorporating rotor parameters into the calibration of eddy current sensors can enhance the accuracy of dynamic blade tip clearance measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T04:25:22Z","timestamp":1726201522000},"page":"5938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Turbine Rotor Parameters on the Eddy Current Sensor for the Dynamic Blade Tip Clearance Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lingqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127#, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127#, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaguo","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127#, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127#, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3227244","article-title":"Rotor-tip Leakage: Part I\u2014Basic Methodology","volume":"104","author":"Booth","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Engine Power"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.04.035","article-title":"Optimization of blade pitch angle of an axial turbine used for wave energy conversion","volume":"56","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hao, J. (2013, January 25\u201327). The investigation about civil aviation engine surge problem: The final solution for PW4000-94\u2032\u2019 engine group 3 surge. Proceedings of the 15th Aeroengine Design, Manufacturing and Application Technology Symposium, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2841774","article-title":"Effects of non-axisymmetric tip clearance on axial compressor performance and stability","volume":"120","author":"Graf","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.09.008","article-title":"High-fidelity rotor gap measurements in a short-duration turbine rig","volume":"27","author":"Lavagnoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7385","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607385","article-title":"An optical fiber bundle sensor for tip clearance and tip timing measurements in a turbine rig","volume":"13","author":"Beloki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durana, G., Amorebieta, J., Fernandez, R., Beloki, J., Arrospide, E., Garcia, I., and Zubia, J. (2018). Design, fabrication and testing of a high-sensitive fiber sensor for tip clearance measurements. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082610"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Violetti, M., Skrivervik, A.K., Xu, Q., and Hafner, M. (2012, January 28\u201331). New microwave sensing system for blade tip clearance measurement in gas turbines. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Sensors Conference, Taipei, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2012.6411229"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheard, A.G., and Turner, S.R. (1992, January 1\u20134). Electromechanical measurement of turbomachinery blade tip-to-casing running clearance. Proceedings of the ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Cologne, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/92-GT-050"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haase, W.C., and Haase, Z.S. (2013, January 2\u20139). Advances in through-the-case eddy current sensors. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2013.6496904"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Tomassini, R., Rossi, G., and Brouckaert, J.F. (2015, January 23\u201327). Blade tip clearance and blade vibration measurements using a magneto resistive sensor. Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid dynamics & Thermodynamics, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Tomassini, R. (2016). Blade Tip Timing and Blade Tip Clearance Measurement System Based on Magnetoresistive Sensors, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chana, K.S., and Cardwell MTSullivan, J.S. (2013, January 3\u20137). The development of a hot section eddy current sensor for turbine tip clearance measurement. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2013-94104"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridhar, V., and Chana, K.S. (2017, January 26\u201330). Tip-clearance measurements on an engine high pressure turbine using an eddy current sensor. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Charlottesville, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2017-63803"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridhar, V., Chana, K.S., and Pekris, M.J. (2017, January 3\u20137). High temperature eddy current sensor system for turbine blade tip clearance measurement. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics & Thermodynamics, Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.29008\/ETC2017-217"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chana, K.S., Cardwell, D.N., and Russhard, P. (2016, January 13\u201317). The use of eddy current sensors for the measurement of rotor blade tip timing sensor development and engine testing. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2008-50792"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045102","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa912e","article-title":"Online monitoring of dynamic tip clearance of turbine blades in high temperature environments","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065018","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/6\/065018","article-title":"A High Sensitivity Inductive Sensor for Blade Tip Clearance Measurement","volume":"23","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"66","article-title":"Measurement model of eddy current displacement sensor and its spatial filtering effect in blade tip gap measurement","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Xiamen Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.Y., Liu, Z.X., Lyu, Y.G., and Xu, X.X. (2018, January 11\u201315). Verification and design of high precision eddy current sensor for tip clearance measurement. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2018-75643"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"132","article-title":"Design and verification of high resolution eddy current sensor for blade tip clearance measurement","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Inst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.Y., Lyu, Y.G., Liu, Z.X., and Zhao, L.Q. (2019). Experimental Investigation of High Temperature-Resistant Inductive Sensor for Blade Tip Clearance Measurement. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010061"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814017748020","article-title":"Ralston Fernandes. Simulating eddy current sensor outputs for blade tip timing","volume":"10","author":"Jamia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamia, N., Friswell, M.I., EI-Borgi, S., and Fernandes, R. (2018, January 11\u201315). Ralston Fernandes. Simulating eddy current sensor in blade tip timing application: Modeling and experimental validation. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814017748020"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/5938\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:55:23Z","timestamp":1760111723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/5938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24185938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24185938","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}