{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:38:35Z","timestamp":1766050715827,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial University Innovation Team Project","award":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"]}]},{"name":"Open Projects Foundation","award":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078284","52308318","2024A1515010090","STKJ2023067","2022A1515010812","2020KCXTD012","BHSKL20-10-KF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the structural health monitoring of vibration systems, varying excitation always affects the accuracy of damage identification. The proposed symbolic three-order square matrix damage detection method with the matrix norm as a damage indicator can solve the difficult problem of damage identification under ambient excitation. The new sampling pattern extracts data from signals in the time domain at specific intervals based on the structural properties with the help of the autocorrelation coefficient. Then, the data extracted are converted into symbols and arranged into a three-order square matrix, and the Frobenius norm of the matrix is used for structural damage identification as a reliable damage indicator. In this process, the transmissibility function is employed to eliminate the effects of varying excitation. First, the method was verified by a cracked simply supported beam\u2014a simulated Abaqus model. Then, a wooden truss bridge in the laboratory and an actual engineering scenario under ambient excitation together demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of the damage identification method and proved the proposed method to be robust to different types of damage under ambient excitation. Compared with other related methods, this method is more intuitive and efficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T05:31:44Z","timestamp":1726205504000},"page":"5941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural Damage Detection under Ambient Excitation Using Symbolic Three-Order Square Matrix Formed by Specific-Interval-Sampled Time-Domain Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"},{"name":"Shantou Key Laboratory of Offshore Wind Energy, Guangdong Engineering Center for Structure Safety and Health Monitoring, Department of Civil Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2043","article-title":"Damage Identification and Health Monitoring of Structural and Mechanical Systems from Changes in their Vibration Characteristics: A Literature Review","volume":"30","author":"Doebling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Shock Vib. 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