{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:15:07Z","timestamp":1769825707796,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study designed experiments to explore the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) intervention with different cycling periods on the upper limb strength performance of college male bodybuilding athletes. Methods: Ten bodybuilding athletes were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, crossover experimental study. All subjects first underwent pre-tests with two sets of exhaustive bench presses at 60% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) to assess upper limb strength performance. They then experienced three different IPC intervention modes (T1: 1 \u00d7 5 min, T2: 2 \u00d7 5 min, T3: 3 \u00d7 5 min), as well as a non-IPC intervention mode (CON), followed by a retest of the bench press. An Enode pro device was used to record the barbell\u2019s velocity during the bench press movement (peak velocity (PV), mean velocity (MV)); power (peak power (PP), mean power (MP)); and time under tension (TUT) to evaluate upper limb strength performance. Results: PV values: T1 showed significant increases compared to pre-tests in the first (p = 0.02) and second (p = 0.024) tests, and were significantly greater than the CON (p = 0.032); T2 showed a significant increase in PV in the first test (p = 0.035), with no significant differences in other groups. MV values: T1 showed a significant increase in MV in the first test compared to the pre-test (p = 0.045), with no significant differences in other groups. PP values: T1 showed a highly significant increase in PP in the first test compared to the pre-test (p = 0.001), and was significantly higher than the CON (p = 0.025). MP values: T1 showed highly significant increases in MP in both the first (p = 0.004) and second (p = 0.003) tests compared to the pre-test; T2 showed a highly significant increase in MP in the first test (p = 0.039) and a significant increase in the second test (p = 0.039). T1\u2019s MP values were significantly higher than the CON in both tests; T2\u2019s MP values were significantly higher than the CON in the first (p = 0.005) and second (p = 0.024) tests. TUT values: T1 showed highly significant increases in TUT in the first (p &lt; 0.001) and second (p = 0.002) tests compared to the pre-test, and were significantly higher than the CON. Conclusions: (1) Single-cycle and double-cycle IPC interventions both significantly enhance upper limb strength performance, significantly improving the speed and power in exhaustive bench press tests, with the single-cycle IPC intervention being more effective than the double-cycle IPC intervention. (2) The triple-cycle IPC intervention does not improve the upper limb strength performance of bodybuilding athletes in exhaustive bench presses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1726209556000},"page":"5943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of the Impact of Sensor-Based Ischemic Preconditioning with Different Cycling Periods on Upper Limb Strength in Bodybuilding Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xuehan","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Science College, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"},{"name":"College of Aeronautics, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China"},{"name":"Graduate School, University of Perpetual Help, Las Navas 6420, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China"},{"name":"Institute of Sports Training, Xi\u2019an Physical Education University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Science College, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning enhances athletic performance\u2014Methods, applications, and mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. 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