{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:47Z","timestamp":1760145887384,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The photon-counting light laser detection and ranging (LiDAR), especially the Geiger mode avalanche photon diode (Gm-APD) LiDAR, can obtain three-dimensional images of the scene, with the characteristics of single-photon sensitivity, but the background noise limits the imaging quality of the laser radar. In order to solve this problem, a depth image estimation method based on a two-dimensional (2D) Kaniadakis entropy thresholding method is proposed which transforms a weak signal extraction problem into a denoising problem for point cloud data. The characteristics of signal peak aggregation in the data and the spatio-temporal correlation features between target image elements in the point cloud-intensity data are exploited. Through adequate simulations and outdoor target-imaging experiments under different signal-to-background ratios (SBRs), the effectiveness of the method under low signal-to-background ratio conditions is demonstrated. When the SBR is 0.025, the proposed method reaches a target recovery rate of 91.7%, which is better than the existing typical methods, such as the Peak-picking method, Cross-Correlation method, and the sparse Poisson intensity reconstruction algorithm (SPIRAL), which achieve a target recovery rate of 15.7%, 7.0%, and 18.4%, respectively. Additionally, comparing with the SPIRAL, the reconstruction recovery ratio is improved by 73.3%. The proposed method greatly improves the integrity of the target under high-background-noise environments and finally provides a basis for feature extraction and target recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1726221774000},"page":"5950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on the Depth Image Reconstruction Algorithm Using the Two-Dimensional Kaniadakis Entropy Threshold"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xianhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Institute of Opto-Electronic, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Institute of Opto-Electronic, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Institute of Opto-Electronic, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Institute of Opto-Electronic, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Institute of Opto-Electronic, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sining","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Institute of Opto-Electronic, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmane, P., Vel\u00e1zquez, J., Khoudour, L., Mai, N., Duthon, P., Crouzil, A., Pierre, G., and Velastin, S. 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