{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:46:38Z","timestamp":1785883598205,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["72201128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72201128"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["2023M730483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M730483"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["202102298009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102298009"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["72201128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72201128"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2023M730483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M730483"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["202102298009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102298009"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Program of the Chinese Education Ministry","award":["72201128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72201128"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Program of the Chinese Education Ministry","award":["2023M730483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M730483"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Program of the Chinese Education Ministry","award":["202102298009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102298009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effect of layout order on the complexity of the dashboard interface based on screen-based eye trackers. By simplifying and abstracting dashboard interfaces and incorporating subjective ratings (symmetry and unity calculations), we successfully manipulated the levels of complexity and layout order of the interface materials. Using four types of eye movement data (total fixation count, total gaze duration, scanning paths, and hotspot maps) and behavioral data, we compared participants\u2019 visual search behavior on interfaces with different layout orders and complexity levels. Experiment 1 revealed a significant interaction between layout order and interface complexity, with participants performing significantly better in the high-level layout order condition. Experiment 2 confirmed that the position of the core chart plays a crucial role in users\u2019 visual search behavior and that the optimal layout order for the dashboard is to place the core chart on the left side of the interface\u2019s horizontal axis, with partial symmetry in the no-core chart areas. This study highlights the effectiveness of eye-tracking techniques in user interface design research and provides valuable insights into optimizing dashboard interface design. Designers should adopt the design principle of \u201corder is more\u201d in addition to \u201cless is more\u201d and consider designing the core chart in the left-center position.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"5966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Effects of Layout Order on Interface Complexity: An Eye-Tracking Study for Dashboard Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nuowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8827-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangsong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5607-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijia","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2190\/EM.28.2.d","article-title":"Visual Complexity and Beauty Appreciation: Explaining the Divergence of Results","volume":"28","author":"Nadal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.106.3.269","article-title":"Complexity and Structure in Visual Patterns","volume":"106","author":"Chipman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01881-5","article-title":"Allocation of Resources in Working Memory: Theoretical and Empirical Implications for Visual Search","volume":"28","author":"Kerzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000637","article-title":"The Allocation of Resources in Visual Working Memory and Multiple Attentional Templates","volume":"45","author":"Kerzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2017.07.008","article-title":"Effects of Interface Layout on the Usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems and Driving Safety","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2005.11.002","article-title":"Optimized PDA Orientation and Screen Layout for Chinese Vocabulary Learning by Young Children","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2201556","article-title":"Visual Attention Quality Research for Social Media Applications: A Case Study on Photo Sharing Applications","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2767284","article-title":"Influence of Information Layout on Diagnosis Performance","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Pang, L., Wanyan, X., Liu, S., Fang, Y., and Tao, D. (2021). Effects of Air Route Alternation and Display Design on an Operator\u2019s Situation Awareness, Task Performance and Mental Workload in Simulated Flight Tasks. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125745"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"342","article-title":"Dashboard Design Patterns","volume":"29","author":"Bach","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabiei, R., Bastani, P., Ahmadi, H., Dehghan, S., and Almasi, S. (2024). Developing Public Health Surveillance Dashboards: A Scoping Review on the Design Principles. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17841-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2017.08.001","article-title":"Developing an Emergency Department Crowding Dashboard: A design science approach","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goudsmit, J., Otter, R.T.A., Stoter, I., Van Holland, B., Van Der Zwaard, S., De Jong, J., and Vos, S. (2022). Co-Operative Design of a Coach Dashboard for Training Monitoring and Feedback. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239073"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2015.06.005","article-title":"Computerized Measures of Visual Complexity","volume":"160","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Amst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2008.11.017","article-title":"A Fuzzy Approach to the Evaluation of Image Complexity","volume":"160","author":"Cardaci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z.-B., and Zhang, K. (2020). Visual Order of Chinese Ink Paintings. Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-020-00059-5"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(02)00404-8","article-title":"Modelling Interface Aesthetics","volume":"152","author":"Ngo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.2002044","article-title":"The Roles of Visual Complexity and Order in First Impressions of Webpages: An ERP Study of Webpage Rapid Evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gartus, A., and Leder, H. (2017). Predicting Perceived Visual Complexity of Abstract Patterns Using Computational Measures: The Influence of Mirror Symmetry on Complexity Perception. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185276"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02243.x","article-title":"Eye Movements and Visual Encoding During Scene Perception","volume":"20","author":"Rayner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mele, M.L., Federici, S., and Dennis, J.L. (2014). Believing Is Seeing: Fixation Duration Predicts Implicit Negative Attitudes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105106"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1037\/1196-1961.48.2.167","article-title":"Perceptual-Motor Expectancies Interact with Covert Visual Orienting under Conditions of Endogenous but Not Exogenous Control","volume":"48","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol. Rev. Can. Psychol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2023.102427","article-title":"How Information within the Perceptual Span Guides Visual Search and Aids Perception","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16878132241230227","DOI":"10.1177\/16878132241230227","article-title":"Cognitive Evaluation of HUD Interface Layout for Intelligent Automotive Based on Bayesian BWM and Gray-TOPSIS","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairclough, S.H., and Gilleade, K. (2014). Eye Tracking and Eye-Based Human\u2013Computer Interaction. Advances in Physiological Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6392-3"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"de Bruin, J.A. (2014). Automated Usability Analysis and Visualisation of Eye Tracking Data. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000224","article-title":"Order, Complexity, and Aesthetic Appreciation","volume":"14","author":"Wagemans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2015.11.013","article-title":"\u2018To Preserve Unity While Almost Allowing for Chaos\u2019: Testing the Aesthetic Principle of Unity-in-Variety in Product Design","volume":"163","author":"Post","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-422X(86)90003-3","article-title":"A Decade after Berlyne: New Directions in Experimental Aesthetics","volume":"15","author":"Cupchik","year":"1986","journal-title":"Poetics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044049","article-title":"The Quantitative Study of Shape and Pattern Perception","volume":"53","author":"Attneave","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800083115","article-title":"History of Art Paintings through the Lens of Entropy and Complexity","volume":"115","author":"Sigaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.-W., Lo, L.Y.-S., and Huang, T.K. (2016). Visual Complexity and Figure-Background Color Contrast of E-Commerce Websites: Effects on Consumers\u2019 Emotional Responses. 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences HICSS, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.449"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Arnheim, R. (1968). Order and Complexity in Landscape Design, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2022.10.007","article-title":"Detecting Distracted Students in Educational VR Environments Using Machine Learning on Eye Gaze Data","volume":"109","author":"Asish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","article-title":"A Theory of Reading: From Eye Fixations to Comprehension","volume":"87","author":"Just","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara, A., and Mehta, R. (2020, January 25\u201330). Additional Insights: Using Eye Tracking and Brain Sensing in Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3375060"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2221600","article-title":"Eye Tracking, Usability, and User Experience: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Masner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Long, S., and Dhillon, B.S. (2022). Research on Users\u2019 Satisfaction of App Interface of Mobile Phone Business Hall Based on Kano Model and Eye Movement Tracking. Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on MMESE, Beijing, China, 23\u201325 October 2021, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2022.102175","article-title":"Image Visualization: Dynamic and Static Images Generate Users\u2019 Visual Cognitive Experience Using Eye-Tracking Technology","volume":"73","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2023.102392","article-title":"The Influence of User Cognition on Consumption Decision-Making from the Perspective of Bounded Rationality","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1108\/13522750710740862","article-title":"Eye Tracking Methodology; Theory and Practice","volume":"10","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Mark. Res. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2023.102375","article-title":"Cognitive Load Influences Wristwatch\u2019s Legibility and Purchase Preference: An Eye Tracking Study","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-021-00815-1","article-title":"Effects of Visual Complexity on User Search Behavior and Satisfaction: An Eye-Tracking Study of Mobile News Apps","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(98)00068-7","article-title":"Computer Interface Evaluation Using Eye Movements: Methods and Constructs","volume":"24","author":"Goldberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.06.009","article-title":"Benefits and Costs of Uniqueness in Multiple Object Tracking: The Role of Object Complexity","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206454","article-title":"Visual Working Memory for Simple and Complex Visual Stimuli","volume":"12","author":"Eng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043308","article-title":"Cognitive Complexity-Simplicity and Predictive Behavior","volume":"51","author":"Bieri","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, F., Li, L., Zhao, S., Wang, J., Paterson, K., White, S., and Warrington, K. (2019). Aging and Pattern Complexity Effects on the Visual Span: Evidence from Chinese Character Recognition. Vision, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision3010011"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2009.01.001","article-title":"Just How Stable Are Stable Aesthetic Features? Symmetry, Complexity, and the Jaws of Massive Familiarization","volume":"130","author":"Tinio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Amst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., and Chen, Y. (2023). The Effects of Visual Complexity and Task Difficulty on the Comprehensive Cognitive Efficiency of Cluster Separation Tasks. Behav. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13100827"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.07.016","article-title":"A Cognitive Reliability Model Research for Complex Digital Human-Computer Interface of Industrial System","volume":"108","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2022.2134590","article-title":"Influence of Nuclear Power Plant Interface Complexity on User Decision-Making: An ERP Study","volume":"66","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Cognitive Characteristic Evaluation of CNC Interface Layout Based on Eye-Tracking","volume":"29","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Aided Des. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19135-1_70","article-title":"Interface Design of GIS System Based on Visual Complexity","volume":"Volume 972","author":"Ahram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Usability and User Experience"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1109\/23.736195","article-title":"An Information Theory-Based Approach for Quantitative Evaluation of User Interface Complexity","volume":"45","author":"Kang","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Forbus, K., Gentner, D., and Regier, T. (2004, January 4\u20137). Identifying the Perceptual Dimensions of Visual Complexity of Scenes. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, M.P., Courboulay, V., and Estraillier, P. (2011). Image Complexity Measure Based on Visual Attention. 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 11\u201314 September 2011, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2011.6116371"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039350","article-title":"The Qualitative Side of Complexity: Testing Effects of Ambiguity on Complexity Judgments","volume":"9","author":"Jakesch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0889-1","article-title":"Building Knowledge Requires Bricks, Not Sand: The Critical Role of Familiar Constituents in Learning","volume":"23","author":"Reder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, J., Amirshahi, S.A., Denzler, J., and Redies, C. (2013). Statistical Image Properties of Print Advertisements, Visual Artworks and Images of Architecture. Front. Psychol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00808"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mather, G. (2013). The Psychology of Visual Art: Eye, Brain and Art, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139030410"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin, M.M., and Leder, H. (2013). Examining Complexity across Domains: Relating Subjective and Objective Measures of Affective Environmental Scenes, Paintings and Music. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072412"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01055-z","article-title":"Familiarity Acts as a Reduction in Objective Complexity","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wixted, J.T. (2018). Perceptual Organization. Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119170174"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17382","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3048737","article-title":"Relevance of Emotional Conflict and Gender Differences in the Cognitive Tasks of Digital Interface Layouts Using NIRS Technology","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029333","article-title":"A Century of Gestalt Psychology in Visual Perception: I. Perceptual Grouping and Figure\u2013Ground Organization","volume":"138","author":"Wagemans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201693","article-title":"Age-of-Acquisition, Imagery, Concreteness, Familiarity, and Ambiguity Measures for 1,944 Words","volume":"12","author":"Gilhooly","year":"1980","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Meth. Instr."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Birkhoff, G.D. (2013). Aesthetic Measure. Aesthetic Measure, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9815937","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9815937","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Visual Aesthetics of Human-Machine Interaction Interface Layout","volume":"2020","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2024, July 25). Pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/nyuscholars.nyu.edu\/en\/publications\/pwr-basic-functions-for-power-analysis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1989.10488618","article-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","volume":"31","author":"Muller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A Power Primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2023.102387","article-title":"Biases on Visual Warnings during Multiple Target Visual Searches on Mine Monitoring Interface","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2012.05.007","article-title":"How Do Image Complexity, Task Demands and Looking Biases Influence Human Gaze Behavior?","volume":"34","author":"Bonev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005","article-title":"Mixed-Effects Modeling with Crossed Random Effects for Subjects and Items","volume":"59","author":"Baayen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.11.007","article-title":"Categorical Data Analysis: Away from ANOVAs Transformation or Not and towards Logit Mixed Models","volume":"59","author":"Jaeger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keil, J., Edler, D., Kuchinke, L., and Dickmann, F. (2020). Effects of Visual Map Complexity on the Attentional Processing of Landmarks. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229575"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"4108","article-title":"DMiner: Dashboard Design Mining and Recommendation","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, L., and Hu, J. (2023). Integration with Visual Perception\u2014Research on the Usability of a Data Visualization Interface Layout in Zero-Carbon Parks Based on Eye-Tracking Technology. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411102"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205395172110498","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211049862","article-title":"Dashboard Design and the \u2018Datafied\u2019 Driving Experience","volume":"8","author":"Hind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2190\/B1LR-MVF3-F36X-XR64","article-title":"The Assessment of Preference for Balance: Introducing a New Test","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/713752320","article-title":"Effects of Complexity on Visuo-Spatial Working Memory","volume":"11","author":"Kemps","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410640","article-title":"Untersuchungen Zur Lehre von Der Gestalt. II","volume":"4","author":"Wertheimer","year":"1923","journal-title":"Psychol. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","article-title":"The Magical Number Seven, plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4124.482","article-title":"How Big Is a Chunk?: By Combining Data from Several Experiments, a Basic Human Memory Unit Can Be Identified and Measured","volume":"183","author":"Simon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320517","article-title":"Information-Processing Models of Cognition","volume":"32","author":"Simon","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2009.05.004","article-title":"Working Memory and Binding in Sentence Recall","volume":"61","author":"Baddeley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","article-title":"The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21215","article-title":"Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction 5th Edition","volume":"61","author":"Vilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22408","article-title":"Color and Visual Complexity in Abstract Images: Part II","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimmons, R. (2020). Color Theory in Experience Design. Learner and User Experience Research, EdTech Books.","DOI":"10.59668\/36.3243"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/5966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:56:13Z","timestamp":1760111773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/5966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24185966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24185966","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]}}}