{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T09:59:25Z","timestamp":1785664765630,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52176007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52176007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of energy supply for wireless sensors is becoming increasingly severe with the advancement of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Thus, this paper proposed a thermoelectric self\u2212powered wireless sensor that can harvest industrial waste heat for self\u2212powered operations. The results show that this self\u2212powered wireless sensor can operate stably under the data transmission cycle of 39.38 s when the heat source temperature is 70 \u00b0C. Only 19.57% of electricity generated by a thermoelectric power generation system (TPGS) is available for use. Before this, the power consumption of this wireless sensor had been accurately measured, which is 326 mW in 0.08 s active mode and 5.45 \u03bcW in dormant mode. Then, the verified simulation model was established and used to investigate the generation performance of the TPGS under the Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions. The minimum demand for a heat source is cleared for various data transmission cycles of wireless sensors. Low\u2212temperature industrial waste heat is enough to drive the wireless sensor with a data transmission cycle of 30 s. Subsequently, the economic benefit of the thermoelectric self\u2212powered system was also analyzed. The cost of one thermoelectric self\u2212powered system is EUR 9.1, only 42% of the high\u2212performance battery cost. Finally, the SEPIC converter model was established to conduct MPPT optimization for the TEG module and the output power can increase by up to approximately 47%. This thermoelectric self\u2212powered wireless sensor can accelerate the process of achieving energy independence for wireless sensors and promote the Fourth Industrial Revolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24185983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"5983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Research on the Performance of Thermoelectric Self\u2212Powered Systems for Wireless Sensor Based on Industrial Waste Heat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4718-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yupeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3127-9193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100546","article-title":"Industry 4.0 and industrial workflow scheduling: A survey","volume":"38","author":"Hawaou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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