{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T20:14:18Z","timestamp":1771359258501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Transport and Education Training Authority (TETA)","award":["TETA22\/R&K\/PR0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETA22\/R&K\/PR0011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global trade depends on long-haul transportation, yet comfort for drivers on lengthy trips is sometimes neglected. Rough roads have a major negative influence on driver comfort and increase the risk of weariness, distracted driving, and accidents. Using Random Forest regression, a machine learning technique well-suited to examining big datasets and nonlinear relationships, this study examines the relationship between road roughness and driver comfort. Using the MIRANDA mobile application, data were gathered from 1,048,576 rows, including vehicle acceleration and values for the International Roughness Index (IRI). The Support Vector Regression (SVR) and XGBoost models were used for comparative analysis. Random Forest was preferred because of its ability to be deployed in real time and use less memory, even if XGBoost performed better in terms of training time and prediction accuracy. The findings showed a significant relationship between driver discomfort and road roughness, with rougher roads resulting in increased vertical acceleration and lower comfort levels (Road Roughness: SD\u20140.73; Driver\u2019s Comfort: Mean\u201410.01, SD\u20140.64). This study highlights how crucial it is to provide smooth surfaces and road maintenance in order to increase road safety, lessen driver weariness, and promote long-haul driver welfare. These results offer information to transportation authorities and policymakers to help them make data-driven decisions that enhance the efficiency of transportation and road conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1727168166000},"page":"6115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of Road Roughness and Driver Comfort in \u2018Long-Haul\u2019 Road Transportation Using Random Forest Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1411-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olusola O.","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anish M.","family":"Kurien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Djouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"LISSI Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0175-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamine","family":"Dieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"MAST Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, All. Des Ponts et Chaussees, 44340 Bouguenais, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2008.11.009","article-title":"Fatigued driver\u2019s driving behavior and cognitive task performance: Effects of road environments and road environment changes","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4324","article-title":"A review of the relationship between road roughness and driving comfort","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hancock, P.A., and Rogers, W.A. (2019). Fatigue and Attention. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickard, O., Burton, P., Yamada, H., Schram, B., Canetti, E.F., and Orr, R. (2022). 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