{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T06:43:12Z","timestamp":1781937792039,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024T170579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62374111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62374111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515010164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324120403009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120403009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3209500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024T170579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170579"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62374111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62374111"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024A1515010164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010164"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCYJ20210324120403009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120403009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFB3209500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209500"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2024T170579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170579"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["62374111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62374111"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2024A1515010164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010164"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["JCYJ20210324120403009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120403009"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2023YFB3209500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209500"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2024T170579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170579"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["62374111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62374111"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2024A1515010164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010164"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20210324120403009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120403009"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2023YFB3209500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209500"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024T170579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170579"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["62374111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62374111"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024A1515010164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010164"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["JCYJ20210324120403009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120403009"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFB3209500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refractive index (RI) sensor based on the D-type dual-mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed. The sensor employs a side-polished few-mode PCF that facilitates the transmission of the fundamental and second-order modes, with an integrated microfluidic channel positioned directly above the fiber core. This design minimizes the distance to the analyte and maximizes the interaction between the optical field and the analyte, thereby enhancing the SPR effect and resonance loss for improved sensing performance. Au-TiO2 dual-layer material was coated on the surface of a microfluidic channel to enhance the penetration depth of the core evanescent field and tune the resonance wavelength to the near-infrared band, meeting the special needs of chemical and biomedical detection fields. The finite element method was utilized to systematically investigate the coupling characteristics between various modes and surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes, as well as the impact of structural parameters on the sensor performance. The results indicate that the LP11b_y mode exhibits greater wavelength sensitivity than the HE11_y mode, with a maximum sensitivity of 33,000 nm\/RIU and an average sensitivity of 8272.7 nm\/RIU in the RI sensing range of 1.25\u20131.36, which is higher than the maximum sensitivity of 16,000 nm\/RIU and average sensitivity of 5666.7 nm\/RIU for the HE11b_y mode. It is believed that the proposed PCF-SPR sensor features both high sensitivity and high resolution, which will become a critical device for wide RI detection in mid-infrared fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1727168166000},"page":"6118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Design and Simulation of High-Performance D-Type Dual-Mode PCF-SPR Refractive Index Sensor Coated with Au-TiO2 Layer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education\/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7730-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01937","article-title":"Surface plasmon subwavelength optics","volume":"424","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202202","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202202202","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Combined Technology: A Powerful Tool for Investigating Interface Phenomena","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.000614","article-title":"In vivo optical neural recording using fiber-based surface plasmon resonance","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rio.2023.100432","article-title":"Design and numerical analysis of a circular SPR based PCF biosensor for aqueous environments","volume":"12","author":"Opoku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-9914-5","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber optic methane gas sensor utilizing graphene-carbon nanotubes-poly (methyl methacrylate) hybrid nanocomposite","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2024.3354810","article-title":"Optimization of Novel 2D material based SPR Biosensor using Machine Learning","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.002918","article-title":"Near-infrared grating-assisted SPR optical fiber sensors: Design rules for ultimate refractometric sensitivity","volume":"23","author":"Caucheteur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.08.012","article-title":"High-throughput SPR sensor for food safety","volume":"24","author":"Piliarik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2023.3278468","article-title":"Recent Advancement in Fiber-Optic based SPR Biosensor for Food Adulteration Detection\u2014A Review","volume":"22","author":"Iqbal","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338631","article-title":"Development of an aptamer-based SPR-biosensor for the determination of kanamycin residues in foods","volume":"1169","author":"Kirchner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132763","article-title":"Tailor-made mesoporous SiO2\/Au thin film with a substitutable interface for highly sensitive and selective room-temperature gas detection of VOCs","volume":"373","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130310","article-title":"Integrating zeolite nanoparticles with plasmonic waveguides for ellipsometric detection of acetone gas molecules","volume":"344","author":"Ikeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.05.061","article-title":"On the application of gold based SPR sensors for the detection of hazardous gases","volume":"149","author":"Nooke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200009","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200009","article-title":"Multichannel Fiber Optic SPR Sensors: Realization Methods, Application Status, and Future Prospects","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.03.055","article-title":"Application of SPR biosensor for medical diagnostics of human hepatitis B virus (hHBV)","volume":"111","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11616","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.011616","article-title":"Design of the microstructured optical fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensors with enhanced microfluidics","volume":"14","author":"Hassani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"42","article-title":"Microstructured-Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor","volume":"31","author":"Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Cheng, T.L., Chen, J.X., and Yan, X. (2019). Graphene-enhanced surface plasmon resonance liquid refractive index sensor based on photonic crystal fiber. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173666"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafkat, A. (2020). Analysis of a gold coated plasmonic sensor based on a duplex core photonic crystal fiber. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2020.100324"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050375","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984920503753","article-title":"Multianalyte sensing analysis with multilayer photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor","volume":"34","author":"Yasli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2011.11.104","article-title":"All-solid D-shaped photonic fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"285","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-014-9749-5","article-title":"High-sensitivity refractive index sensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber with rectangular lattice and nanoscale gold film","volume":"9","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803309","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2722543","article-title":"Metal oxide-graphene-based quasi-D-shaped optical fiber plasmonic biosensor","volume":"9","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.05.131","article-title":"Dual core photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance biosensor","volume":"170","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.102788","article-title":"High performance dual core D-shape PCF-SPR sensor modeling employing gold coat","volume":"15","author":"Sakib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.164779","article-title":"High sensitive D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with V-groove analyte channel","volume":"213","author":"Melwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026008","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JNP.15.026008","article-title":"Design and analysis of highly sensitive solid core gold coated hexagonal photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"15","author":"Kiroriwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.166657","article-title":"Highly sensitive dual-core symmetrical side-polished modified D-shaped SPR based PCF refractive index sensor with deeply etched micro openings","volume":"235","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6800306","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2018.2833960","article-title":"Mode Splitting Based on Polarization Manipulation in Few-Mode Fiber","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Elect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108416","article-title":"High-order mode fiber laser based on few-mode fiber gratings","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2023.107273","article-title":"Numerical analysis of a compact all-fiber polarization beam splitter based on dual-core photonic crystal fiber with As2S3 thin layer","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.003799","article-title":"Polarization characteristics of photonic crystal fibers selectively filled with metal wires into cladding air holes","volume":"19","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.05.023","article-title":"The effect of the TiO2 film on the performance of the optical fiber SPR sensor","volume":"448","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2677473","article-title":"Highly sensitive D-Shaped photonic crystal fiber based plasmonic biosensor in visible to Near-IR","volume":"17","author":"Rifat","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2541220","article-title":"Tunable fiber polarization filter by filling different index liquids and gold wire into photonic crystal fiber","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2016.11.010","article-title":"SPR optimization using metamaterials in a D-type PCF refractive index sensor","volume":"33","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N., Chang, M., Lu, X.L., Zhou, J., and Zhang, X.D. (2020). Numerical Analysis of Midinfrared D-Shaped Photonic-Crystal-Fiber Sensor Based on Surface-Plasmon-Resonance Effect for Environmental Monitoring. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113897"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.165135","article-title":"Design of D-Shaped PCF-SPR sensor with dual coating of ITO and ZnO conducting metal oxide","volume":"220","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6988","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.006988","article-title":"D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"56","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-9912-7","article-title":"On the performance of graphene-based D-shaped photonic crystal fibre biosensor using surface plasmon resonance","volume":"10","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0203-8","article-title":"Highly sensitive side-polished birefringent PCF-based SPR sensor in near IR","volume":"11","author":"Dash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6848","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.58.006848","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on eccentric core photonic quasi-crystal fiber with indium tin oxide","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9039","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.009039","article-title":"Symmetrical dual D-shape photonic crystal fibers for surface plasmon resonance sensing","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-017-0572-7","article-title":"Analysis of a surface plasmon resonance probe based on photonic crystal fibers for low refractive index detection","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5600108","article-title":"A refractive index sensor based on PCF with ultra-wide detection range","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.125496","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) infrared sensor based on D-shape photonic crystal fibers with ITO coatings","volume":"464","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/6118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:59Z","timestamp":1760112119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/6118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24186118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24186118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]}}}