{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:44:42Z","timestamp":1765233882015,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a novel 3 \u00d7 3 phased array antenna optimized for 4 GHz operation, achieving a realized gain of 13.2 dBi and enabling 30-degree beam steering with a minimal capacitance variation of 1.5 pF. The design features a series aperture-coupled feeding mechanism that not only reduces the antenna\u2019s size but also simplifies the fabrication process, making the device both cost-effective and compact. Integrating cost-efficient quadrature-hybrid phase shifters and novel power splitters with cascaded quadrature hybrids ensures uniform power distribution and precise beam steering. The innovative use of these components addresses common challenges in phased array systems, such as space constraints, high costs, and complex power distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1727168166000},"page":"6128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Topology of a 3 \u00d7 3 Series Phased Array Antenna with Aperture-Coupled Feeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA"}]},{"given":"Choon Sae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA"}]},{"given":"Linsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3240587","article-title":"A Low-Cost Wideband Dual Circularly Polarized Aperiodic 2-D Phased Array","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.822031","article-title":"A novel low-cost beam-steering technique based on the extended-resonance power-dividing method","volume":"52","author":"Tombak","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2927813","article-title":"Reconfigurable Phased-Array Antenna Using Continuously Tunable Substrate Integrated Waveguide Phase Shifter","volume":"67","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2446193","article-title":"Design of a Low-Profile Dual-Polarized Stepped Slot Antenna Array for Base Station","volume":"15","author":"Lian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. 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Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12001","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2810233","article-title":"A 6-Port Two-Dimensional 3 \u00d7 3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications","volume":"6","author":"Kothapudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/6128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:24Z","timestamp":1760112144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/18\/6128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s24186128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24186128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]}}}