{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1780617485817,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021yj0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021yj0541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021yj0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021yj0541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new pickup structure was introduced and modified to improve the resolution of the linear Sagnac optical fiber acoustic sensing system. The maximum strains corresponding to the material, diameter, wall thickness, and height of the pickups were analyzed by simulation. An aluminum cylinder with a diameter of 110 mm, a wall thickness of 3 mm, and a height of 120 mm was chosen as the basic pickup. A four-groove pickup with a vertical width of 80 mm and a horizontal width of 20 mm was introduced to improve the sensitivity of the system. The experiments showed that the average peak-to-peak sensitivity of the four-groove pickup increased by 215.54% to 106.806 mV\/Pa. The improved pickup can be applied in areas to monitor the situation of invasion of the Sagnac optical fiber acoustic sensing system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T04:01:24Z","timestamp":1727236884000},"page":"6188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Study on Sensitivity Improvement of the Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensing System Based on Sagnac Interference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ruixi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Technology and Engineering, Nanchong of Sichuan, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongcheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Technology and Engineering, Nanchong of Sichuan, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juqin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Technology and Engineering, Nanchong of Sichuan, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Xi\u2019an Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & System, Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Technology and Engineering, Nanchong of Sichuan, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Technology and Engineering, Nanchong of Sichuan, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.95","article-title":"Optical microphone hears ultrasound","volume":"10","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.004171","article-title":"All-optical highly sensitive akinetic sensor for ultrasound detection and photoacoustic imaging","volume":"7","author":"Preisser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8398","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508398","article-title":"A fiber optic PD sensor using a balanced Sagnac interferometer and an EDFA-based DOP tunable fiber ring laser","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H.H., Liu, W., Wang, T., Su, J.W., and Shi, B. (2022). Distributed acoustic sensing for monitoring linear infrastructures: Current status and trends. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197550"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Jin, B., Bai, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, D., and Wang, Y. (2016). Distributed fiber-optic sensors for vibration detection. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081164"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorshkov, B.G., Y\u00fcksel, K., Fotiadi, A.A., Wuilpart, M., Korobko, D.A., Zhirnov, A.A., and Lobach, I.A. (2022). Scientific applications of distributed acoustic sensing: State-of-the-art review and perspective. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031033"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3147963","article-title":"MI-SI Based Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor for No-Blind Zone Location and Pattern Recognition","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3243","article-title":"Distributed vibration sensor based on coherent detection of phase-OTDR","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miliou, A. (2021). In-fiber interferometric-based sensors: Overview and recent advances. Photonics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics8070265"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.110240","article-title":"A simple fiber optic sensing system based on dual Sagnac interferometer for disturbance location detection","volume":"170","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.129566","article-title":"High sensitivity Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer based on peanut-shaped hollow-core fiber","volume":"542","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.3390\/s120302467","article-title":"Interferometric fiber optic sensors","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2022.102949","article-title":"Highly sensitive temperature sensing based on a birefringent fiber Sagnac loop","volume":"72","author":"Pizzaia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1134\/S002044122305010X","article-title":"Study of Sensitivity Distribution Along the Contour of a Fiber-Optic Sensor Based on a Sagnac Interferometer","volume":"66","author":"Gritsenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Instrum. Exp. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7587","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.007587","article-title":"Improved location algorithm for multiple intrusions in distributed Sagnac fiber sensing system","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-018-0517-6","article-title":"High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber Sagnac loop","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wang, J., Wang, N., Ruan, J., Zhang, J., and Zhu, Y. (2022). An Improved Acoustic Pick-Up for Straight Line-Type Sagnac Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensing System. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218193"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Tang, R., Chen, J., Wang, N., Zhu, Y., Zhang, J., and Ruan, J. (2023). Study of Straight-Line-Type Sagnac Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing System. Photonics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10010083"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Landau, L.D., Pitaevskii, L.P., Kosevich, A.M., and Lifshitz, E.M. (2012). Theory of Elasticity, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2023.3253714","article-title":"A sensitivity-enhanced fiber optic Fabry-Perot acoustic sensor based on grooved diaphragm","volume":"35","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/19\/6188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:03Z","timestamp":1760112123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/19\/6188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s24196188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24196188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]}}}