{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T21:05:33Z","timestamp":1765487133798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Programme","award":["831117","SFI\/15\/RP\/2828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["831117","SFI\/15\/RP\/2828"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)","award":["831117","SFI\/15\/RP\/2828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["831117","SFI\/15\/RP\/2828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of a novel chip-on-tip catheter, which uses a microcamera and optical fibres to capture in vivo images in a beating porcine heart thanks to a saline flush to clear the blood field. Here, we demonstrate the medical utility and mechanical robustness of this catheter platform system, which could be used for other optical diagnostic techniques, surgical guidance, and clinical navigation. We also discuss some of the challenges and system requirements associated with developing a miniature prototype for such a study and present assembly instructions. Methods of clearing the blood field are discussed, including an integrated flush channel at the distal end. This permits the capture of images of the endocardial walls. The device was navigated under fluoroscopic guiding, through a guiding catheter to various locations of the heart, where images were successfully acquired. Images were captured at the intra-atrial septum, in the left atrium after a trans-septal cross procedure, and in the left ventricle, which are, to the best of our knowledge, the first images captured in an in vivo beating heart using endoscopic techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T08:20:52Z","timestamp":1727338852000},"page":"6216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design and Assembly of a Miniature Catheter Imaging System for In Vivo Heart Endoscopic Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Messina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Niemitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Sorensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"O\u2019Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Buszman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Research and Development of American Heart of Poland, 40-028 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5640-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Andersson-Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Physics, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.05.16","article-title":"Advanced endoscopic methods in gastrointestinal diseases: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant. 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