{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:59:48Z","timestamp":1769756388818,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202310293015Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202310293015Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"College Student Innovation Training Program of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a kind of metastructure\u2013photonic crystal (MPC) with multi-frequency asymmetric absorption\u2013transmission properties is proposed. It is composed of various dielectric layers arranged in a periodically tilting pattern. When electromagnetic waves (EMWs) enter from the opposite direction, MPC shows an obvious asymmetry. EMWs are absorbed at 13.71 GHz, 14.37 GHz, and 17.10 GHz in forward incidence, with maximum absorptions of 0.919, 0.917, and 0.956, respectively. In the case of backward incidence, transmission above 0.877 is achieved. Additionally, the MPC is utilized for refractive index (RI) sensing, allowing for wide RI range detection. The refractive index unit is denoted as RIU. The RI detection range is 1.4~3.0, with the corresponding absorption peak variation range being 17.054~17.194 GHz, and a sensitivity of 86 MHz\/RIU. By adjusting the number of MPC cycles and tilt angle, the sensing performance and operating frequency band can be tailored to meet various operational requirements. This MPC-based RI sensor is simple to fabricate and has the potential to be used in the development of high-performance and compact sensing devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"6281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-Frequency Asymmetric Absorption\u2013Transmission Metastructures\u2013Photonic Crystals and Their Application as a Refractive Index Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6784-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0207-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.003142","article-title":"Tunable dual-band asymmetric transmission for circularly polarized waves with graphene planar chiral metasurfaces","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.400322","article-title":"Dual-band terahertz polarization converter with high-efficiency asymmetric transmission","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0284-4","article-title":"Multi-Band Asymmetric Transmission and 90\u00b0 Polarization Rotator Based on Bi-Layered Metasurface with F-Shaped Structure","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201100163","article-title":"Metamaterials on Paper as a Sensing Platform","volume":"23","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2018.07.002","article-title":"Ultra-broadband asymmetric transmission metallic gratings for subtropical passive daytime radiative cooling","volume":"186","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5008614","article-title":"Broadband asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized electromagnetic waves based on chiral metamaterial","volume":"123","author":"Stephen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.464854","article-title":"Design of a frequency-multiplexed metasurface with asymmetric transmission","volume":"47","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Huang, L.R., Ling, Y.H., Liu, W.B., Ba, C.F., and Li, H.H. (2019). High-performance asymmetric optical transmission based on coupled complementary subwavelength gratings. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53586-4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.24.000685","article-title":"Asymmetric transmission of some two-dimensional photonic crystals","volume":"24","author":"Mandatori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Feng, Y., Cui, L., Zhao, J., Jiang, T., and Zhu, B. (2017). Dynamic control of asymmetric electromagnetic wave transmission by active chiral metamaterial. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42802"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5141","article-title":"Visible-frequency asymmetric transmission devices incorporating a hyperbolic metamaterial","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0820","article-title":"Asymmetric transmission in nanophotonics","volume":"12","author":"Iyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107033","article-title":"Dynamically adjustable and high-contrast asymmetric optical transmission based on bilateral compound metallic gratings","volume":"140","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/35570","article-title":"Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays","volume":"391","author":"Ebbesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904646","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201904646","article-title":"Constructing Metastructures with Broadband Electromagnetic Functionality","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850366","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984918503669","article-title":"Multi-band terahertz chiral metasurface with giant optical activities and negative refractive index based on T-shaped resonators","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300659","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300659","article-title":"A Novel Ultra-Wideband Electromagnetic-Wave-Absorbing Metastructure Inspired by Bionic Gyroid Structures","volume":"35","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100300","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100300","article-title":"Topological photonic crystals: Physics, designs, and applications","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107265","article-title":"Recent advances in photonic crystal optical devices: A review","volume":"142","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.146","article-title":"Slow light in photonic crystals","volume":"2","author":"Baba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2020.103240","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on coupling effects of dual photonic crystal fibers for low refractive indexes detection","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126646","article-title":"Manipulation of topological beam splitter based on honeycomb photonic crystals","volume":"483","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302240","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302240","article-title":"Bio-Inspired Highly Brilliant Structural Colors and Derived Photonic Superstructures for Information Encryption and Fluorescence Enhancement","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.063","article-title":"Highly reflective long period fiber grating sensor and its application in refractive index sensing","volume":"193","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.064","article-title":"High sensitivity plasmonic refractive index sensing and its application for human blood group identification","volume":"249","author":"Rakhshani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9991","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2925963","article-title":"Dual-Band Polarization-Sensitive Graphene Chiral Metasurface and its Application as a Refractive Index Sensor","volume":"19","author":"Shokati","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355102","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/49\/35\/355102","article-title":"Refractive index detection range adjustable liquid-core fiber optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance and a nano-porous silica coating","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.001842","article-title":"High-quality-factor multiple Fano resonances for refractive index sensing","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3027759","article-title":"Theoretical Investigation of a Sensor Based on One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals to Measure Four Physical Quantities","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065506","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/accfca","article-title":"Analysis of a gas sensor based on one-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a designed defect cavity","volume":"98","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2023.106477","article-title":"Terahertz band range adjustable hyperbolic metamaterial refractive index sensor","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.461974","article-title":"Perfect absorption and strong phonon polariton with a graphene-based silicon carbide grating and Tamm plasmonic structures","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.440987","article-title":"High-sensitivity multi-channel refractive-index sensor based on a graphene-based hybrid Tamm plasmonic structure","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2691775","article-title":"A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Having Independent TE and TM Modes in an Anisotropic Waveguide","volume":"65","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaky, Z.A., Ahmed, A.M., Shalaby, A.S., and Aly, A.H. (2020). Refractive index gas sensor based on the Tamm state in a one-dimensional photonic crystal: Theoretical optimisation. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66427-6"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.125985","article-title":"Tunable multichannel terahertz filtering properties of dielectric defect layer in one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystal","volume":"473","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-017-0558-5","article-title":"Perfect Nonreciprocal Absorption Based on Metamaterial Slab","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.23.000498","article-title":"Nonmagnetic nanocomposites for optical and infrared negative-refractive-index media","volume":"23","author":"Wangberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9625","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09589","article-title":"One-Dimensional Defect Layer Photonic Crystal Sensor for Purity Assessment of Organic Solvents","volume":"9","author":"Sampath","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108427","article-title":"High sensitivity refractive index sensor with wide detection range and high linearity based on LSPR in hollow-core anti-resonance fiber","volume":"155","author":"Sui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/19\/6281\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:05:46Z","timestamp":1760112346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/19\/6281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s24196281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24196281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]}}}