{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:06:33Z","timestamp":1770329193079,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban Heat Islands are a major environmental and public health concern, causing temperature increase in urban areas. This study used satellite imagery and machine learning to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of land surface temperature distribution in the Metropolitan Area of Merida (MAM), Mexico, from 2001 to 2021. The results show that land surface temperature has increased in the MAM over the study period, while the urban footprint has expanded. The study also found a high correlation (r&gt; 0.8) between changes in land surface temperature and land cover classes (urbanization\/deforestation). If the current urbanization trend continues, the difference between the land surface temperature of the MAM and its surroundings is expected to reach 3.12 \u00b0C \u00b1 1.11 \u00b0C by the year 2030. Hence, the findings of this study suggest that the Urban Heat Island effect is a growing problem in the MAM and highlight the importance of satellite imagery and machine learning for monitoring and developing mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"6289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Geo-Sensing-Based Analysis of Urban Heat Island in the Metropolitan Area of Merida, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0860-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2463-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisela","family":"Vega-De-Lille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro A.","family":"Castillo-Atoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 T.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00edas Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Quer\u00e9taro, El Marques 76240, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n OAC Optimizaci\u00f3n, Automatizaci\u00f3n y Control, El Marqu\u00e9s 76240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayra","family":"Cruz-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00edas Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Quer\u00e9taro, El Marques 76240, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n OAC Optimizaci\u00f3n, Automatizaci\u00f3n y Control, El Marqu\u00e9s 76240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Camacho-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n OAC Optimizaci\u00f3n, Automatizaci\u00f3n y Control, El Marqu\u00e9s 76240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juvenal","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Res\u00e9ndiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingeniera, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Queretaro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). 2021 WHO Health and Climate Change Global Survey Report, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"CDC (2022, February 01). 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