{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:12Z","timestamp":1760146092589,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology","award":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"]}]},{"name":"Taiju Life Social Welfare Foundation","award":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"]}]},{"name":"Osaka Gas Group Welfare Foundation","award":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09098","24K02557","DJPMXP1020230118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathological gait in patients with Hakim\u2019s disease (HD, synonymous with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus; iNPH), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and cervical myelopathy (CM) has been subjectively evaluated in this study. We quantified the characteristics of upper and lower limb movements in patients with pathological gait. We analyzed 1491 measurements of 1 m diameter circular walking from 122, 12, and 93 patients with HD, PD, and CM, respectively, and 200 healthy volunteers using the Three-Dimensional Pose Tracker for Gait Test. Upper and lower limb movements of 2D coordinates projected onto body axis sections were derived from estimated 3D relative coordinates. The hip and knee joint angle ranges on the sagittal plane were significantly smaller in the following order: healthy &gt; CM &gt; PD &gt; HD, whereas the shoulder and elbow joint angle ranges were significantly smaller, as follows: healthy &gt; CM &gt; HD &gt; PD. The outward shift of the leg on the axial plane was significantly greater, as follows: healthy &lt; CM &lt; PD &lt; HD, whereas the outward shift of the upper limb followed the order of healthy &gt; CM &gt; HD &gt; PD. The strongest correlation between the upper and lower limb movements was identified in the angle ranges of the hip and elbow joints on the sagittal plane. The lower and upper limb movements during circular walking were correlated. Patients with HD and PD exhibited reduced back-and-forth swings of the upper and lower limbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"6329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Gait Analysis Application for Assessing Upper and Lower Limb Movements to Detect Pathological Gait"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Atsuhito","family":"Taishaku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"},{"name":"Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chifumi","family":"Iseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yukihiko","family":"Aoyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Standard Co., Ltd., Osaka 530-0014, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeo","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shin-Aikai Spine Center, Katano Hospital, Katano 576-0043, Japan"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa II Campus, Chiba 277-0882, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kento","family":"Sahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8979-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2326-3359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoyasu","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9203-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoki","family":"Tanikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhito","family":"Mase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.07.018","article-title":"Observational Gait Assessments in People With Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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