{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:31:15Z","timestamp":1772044275290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019791","name":"CAEP Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX20200010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20200010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019791","name":"CAEP Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019791","name":"CAEP Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019791","name":"CAEP Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B010124001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B010124001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX20200010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20200010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B010124001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B010124001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foun-dation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX20200010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20200010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foun-dation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foun-dation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foun-dation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B010124001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B010124001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guang dong Province","award":["CX20200010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20200010"]}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guang dong Province","award":["61871084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871084"]}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guang dong Province","award":["62271109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271109"]}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guang dong Province","award":["2018B010124001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B010124001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, for the sake of enhancing the security of wireless transmission, we proposed a novel system based on spatial and direction modulation (SDM) combined with generalized spatial modulation (GSM) which is aided by covert information mapping (CIM), termed as the CIM-GSDM system. In such a system, the legitimated user is equipped with distributed receivers so as to demodulate the conveyed signal by exploiting its indices while disturbing eavesdroppers for information security. More specifically, part of the information is modulated into the indices of the legitimated distributed receiver subsets with the aid of the mapped covert information and the interference matrix, while another part of the message is arranged by conventional amplitude-phase modulation. The proposed system can reap the benefits from both GSM and CIM to make eavesdropper suffer great mixture. Furthermore, the detection scheme and theoretical analysis of error performance are discussed as well. The simulation results exhibit that the bit error rate (BER) performance of legitimate user is much better than that of the eavesdropper while the proposed scheme improves the security compared to the original CIM-SDM system at the same spectral efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1727690447000},"page":"6333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Covert Information Mapped Generalized Spatial and Direction Modulation toward Secure Wireless Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianglu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Communications and Networks Institute, Guangzhou 510289, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900051","article-title":"Physical layer security for ultra-reliable and low-latency communications","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2459752","article-title":"MIMO-inspired synthesis of directional modulation systems","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2008.930674","article-title":"Near-field direct antenna modulation","volume":"10","author":"Babakhani","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2878035","article-title":"Classifications and Applications of Physical Layer Security Techniques for Confidentiality: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"21","author":"Hamamreh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2825138","article-title":"Hybrid MIMO and phased-array directional modulation for physical layer security in mmWave wireless communications","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2027047","article-title":"Directional modulation technique for phased arrays","volume":"57","author":"Daly","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2287001","article-title":"A vector approach for the analysis and synthesis of directional modulation transmitters","volume":"62","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, B., Wang, L., Yang, X., and Xie, J. (September, January 28). Security enhancement of directional modulation scheme against hybrid eavesdroppers. Proceedings of the 2021 XXXIVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/URSIGASS51995.2021.9560277"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Xiao, Y., Xiao, Y., You, Q., and Chen, W. (2018, January 8\u201310). Spatial and directional modulation with random frequency diverse array. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2018.8301737"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2191543","article-title":"Distributed beamforming for physical-layer security of two-way relay networks","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960286","article-title":"Impact of imperfect angle estimation on spatial and directional modulation","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2768419","article-title":"Secure spatial multiple access using directional modulation","volume":"17","author":"Hafez","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Chen, H., Xiao, Y., and Tian, J. (2021, January 13\u201316). Covert Information Mapping for Spatial and Direction Modulation. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 21st International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Online.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT52962.2021.9657923"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Chen, H., Wang, Z., Shi, X., Ji, Z., and Li, X. (2021). Covert Information Mapped Spatial and Directional Modulation toward Secure Wireless Transmission. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227646"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3008430","article-title":"Covert information embedded spatial modulation","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912136","article-title":"Spatial modulation","volume":"57","author":"Mesleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2411651","article-title":"Generalized spatial modulation in large-scale multiuser MIMO systems","volume":"14","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.030512.111635","article-title":"Generalised spatial modulation system with multiple active transmit antennas and low complexity detection scheme","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2287851","article-title":"Spatial modulation for generalized MIMO: Challenges opportunities and implementation","volume":"102","author":"Renzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2773543","article-title":"Spatial modulation for more spatial multiplexing: RF-chain-limited generalized spatial modulation aided MM- wave MIMO with hybrid precoding","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2920822","article-title":"Signal shaping for generalized spatial modulation and generalized quadrature spatial modulation","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/19\/6333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:07:46Z","timestamp":1760112466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/19\/6333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s24196333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24196333","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}}}