{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:13:44Z","timestamp":1779261224116,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R027218\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R027218\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a study on residual stress measurement in wire-arc additively manufactured (WAAM) titanium samples using the non-destructive method of phased array ultrasonics. The contour method (CM) was used for the verification of the phased array ultrasonic results. This allowed for a comparison of measurement methods to understand the effects on the distribution of residual stress (RS) within Ti-6Al-4V samples and the effectiveness of measurement of residual stress using phased array ultrasonics. From the results of the experiments, the phased array ultrasonic data were found to be in good agreement with the CM results and displayed similar residual stress distributions in the samples. The results of the individual elements of the phased array were also compared and an improvement in accuracy was found. From per-element results, anomalies were found and could be mitigated with the ability to average the results by using phased array ultrasonics. Therefore, based on these results, there is a strong case for the benefits of using phased array ultrasonics as a method of residual stress measurement for WAAM Ti-6Al-4V components over other existing residual stress measurement techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"6372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Study of Residual Stress Using Phased Array Ultrasonics in Ti-6AL-4V Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3027-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering (EEE), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering (EEE), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6003-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yashar","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering (EEE), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Design, Manufacturing & Engineering Management (DMEM), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering (EEE), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8401-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongle","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welding and Additive Manufacturing Centre, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeeptta Kumar","family":"Taraphdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welding and Additive Manufacturing Centre, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0113-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Manufacturing and Materials, College of Engineering, Environment and Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sundar","family":"Gurumurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welding and Additive Manufacturing Centre, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialuo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welding and Additive Manufacturing Centre, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Sillars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Laboratory (AMRL), Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering (MAE), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.08.001","article-title":"A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: Properties, defects and quality improvement","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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