{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:04:20Z","timestamp":1774155860513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":244,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Foundation of Henan Province","award":["242102310362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102310362"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Foundation of Henan Province","award":["24B150002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24B150002"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Foundation of Henan Province","award":["2023AYSYKYCXTD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AYSYKYCXTD02"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Henan Province","award":["242102310362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102310362"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Henan Province","award":["24B150002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24B150002"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Henan Province","award":["2023AYSYKYCXTD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AYSYKYCXTD02"]}]},{"name":"Program for Innovative Research Team of Science and Technology in Anyang Normal University","award":["242102310362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102310362"]}]},{"name":"Program for Innovative Research Team of Science and Technology in Anyang Normal University","award":["24B150002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24B150002"]}]},{"name":"Program for Innovative Research Team of Science and Technology in Anyang Normal University","award":["2023AYSYKYCXTD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AYSYKYCXTD02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing powerful immunoassays for sensitive and real-time detection of targets has always been a challenging task. Due to their advantages of direct readout, controllable sensing, and low background interference, photothermal immunoassays have become a type of new technology that can be used for various applications such as disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety. By modification with antibodies, photothermal materials can induce temperature changes by converting light energy into heat, thereby reporting specific target recognition events. This article reviews the design and application of photothermal immunoassays based on different photothermal materials, including noble metal nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, two-dimensional nanomaterials, metal oxide and sulfide nanomaterials, Prussian blue nanoparticles, small organic molecules, polymers, etc. It pays special attention to the role of photothermal materials and the working principle of various immunoassays. Additionally, the challenges and prospects for future development of photothermal immunoassays are briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1728286218000},"page":"6458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Overview of the Design and Application of Photothermal Immunoassays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fengli","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Opto-Electronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang 455000, China"}]},{"given":"Yike","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Opto-Electronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang 455000, China"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Opto-Electronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang 455000, China"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Opto-Electronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang 455000, China"}]},{"given":"Dehua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Opto-Electronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang 455000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyao","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05080","article-title":"Multiplexed immunosensors and immunoarrays","volume":"92","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. 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