{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:49:33Z","timestamp":1777499373814,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1231372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To determine the geographical positions of sensors, numerous localization algorithms have been proposed in recent years. The positions of sensors are inferred from the connectivity between sensors and a set of nodes called anchors which know their precise locations. We investigate the effect of adverse placement and density of anchors on the accuracies of different algorithms. We develop an algorithm called HyBrid Localization (HyBloc) to provide reliable localization service with a limited number of clustered anchors. HyBloc is distributed in nature with reasonable message overhead. Through simulations, we demonstrate that HyBloc provides more accurate location estimates than some existing distributed algorithms when there are only a few anchors. HyBloc also performs well when anchors are clustered together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T12:46:04Z","timestamp":1231418764000},"page":"253-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["HyBloc: Localization in Sensor Networks with Adverse Anchor Placement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"King-Yip","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"King-Shan","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4697-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Niculescu, D., and Nath, B. (2001). IEEE Globecom., san Antonio. 1., 2.1."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gentile, C. (, January May). Sensor location through linear programming with triangle inequality constraints. Seoul, Korea. 1."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Shang, Y., Ruml, W., Zhang, Y., and Fromherz, M. (2003). ACM MobiHoc, 1., 2.2., 4."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Shang, Y., and Ruml, W. (2004, January March). Improved MDS-based localization. Piscataway NJ. 1., 2.2., 4."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Savvides, A., Park, H., and Srivastava, M. (2002). ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA '02), 2.1."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, P., and Ye, Y. (2004). Semidefinite programming for ad hoc wireless sensor network localization. IEEE IPSN, 46\u201354. 1., 2.2.","DOI":"10.1145\/984622.984630"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ellis, C.S. Robust positioning algorithm for distributed ad-hoc wireless sensor networks. Berkeley, CA. 2.1."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lim, H., and Hou, J. C. (2005). IEEE INFOCOM, 1., 2.1., 3., 3.1., 3, 4."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Goldenberg, D. K., Bihler, P., Cao, M., Fang, J., Anderson, B. D., Morse, A. S., and Yang, Y. R. (2006). ACM MobiCom, 1., 2.1."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Doherty, L., Pister, K., and Ghaoui, L. (2001). IEEE INFOCOM, 1., 2.2."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(03)00356-6","article-title":"Distributed localization in wireless sensor networks: a quantitative comparison","volume":"43","author":"Langendoen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Savvides, A., Garber, W., Adlakha, S., Moses, R., and Srivastava, M. B. (2003). IEEE IPSN."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Shang, Y., Shi, H., and Ahmed, A.A. (2004, January Oct.). Performance study of localization methods for ad-hoc sensor networks. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cheng, K.-Y., Lui, K.-S., and Tam, V. (2007). IEEE WCNC."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/1138127.1138129","article-title":"Distributed weighted-multidimensional scaling for node localization in sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. New."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aspnes, J., Eren, T., Goldenberg, D. K., Morse, A. S., Whiteley, W., Yang, YR., Anderson, B.D., and Belhumeur, P.N. (2006). A theory of network localization. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., 1663\u20131678. 2.1.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2006.174"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. A., Shi, H., and Shang, Y. (2005). IEEE ICDCS, 2.2."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Borg, I., and Groenen, P. (2005). Modern Multidimensional Scaling, Theory and Applications., Springer. [2nd edition]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/1\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:40Z","timestamp":1760220580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/1\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s90100253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90100253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]]}}}