{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T09:44:11Z","timestamp":1773481451139,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]],"date-time":"2009-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A wireless e-nose network system is developed for the special purpose of monitoring odorant gases and accurately estimating odor strength in and around livestock farms. This system is to simultaneously acquire accurate odor strength values remotely at various locations, where each node is an e-nose that includes four metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors. A modified Kalman filtering technique is proposed for collecting raw data and de-noising based on the output noise characteristics of those gas sensors. The measurement noise variance is obtained in real time by data analysis using the proposed slip windows average method. The optimal system noise variance of the filter is obtained by using the experiments data. The Kalman filter theory on how to acquire MOS gas sensors data is discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can adjust the Kalman filter parameters and significantly reduce the noise from the gas sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90200895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]],"date-time":"2009-02-11T13:27:49Z","timestamp":1234358869000},"page":"895-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Real-Time De-Noising Algorithm for E-Noses in a Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6888-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon X.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/s7010129","article-title":"Classification of mixtures of odorants from livestock buildings by a sensor array (an electronic tongue)","volume":"7","author":"Nawaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.3390\/s6111428","article-title":"Application of electronic noses for disease diagnosis and food spoilage detection","volume":"6","author":"Casalinuovo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pan, L.L., Liu, R., Peng, S.H., Yang, S.X., and Gregori, S. 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Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wang, L., Su, S.W., Celler, B.G., and Savkin, A.V. Modeling of a gas concentration measurement system. Shanghai."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/s5010085","article-title":"Circuit and noise analysis of odorant gas sensors in an e-nose","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/s7020157","article-title":"A modified adaptive stochastic resonance for detecting faint signal in sensors","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s003400100751","article-title":"Applications of Kalman filtering to real-time trace gas concentration measurements","volume":"74","author":"Leleux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Olfati-Saber, R. 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Mechatron., In press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/2\/895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:49Z","timestamp":1760220589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/2\/895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s90200895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90200895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]]}}}