{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:08:57Z","timestamp":1765354137654,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]],"date-time":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems fall into the category of ultra-wideband (UWB) devices. Most GPR equipment covers a frequency range between an octave and a decade by using short-time pulses. Each signal recorded by a GPR gathers a temporal log of attenuated and distorted versions of these pulses (due to the effect of the propagation medium) plus possible electromagnetic interferences and noise. In order to make a good interpretation of this data and extract the most possible information during processing, a deep knowledge of the wavelet emitted by the antennas is essential. Moreover, some advanced processing techniques require specific knowledge of this signal to obtain satisfactory results. In this work, we carried out a series of tests in order to determine the source wavelet emitted by a ground-coupled antenna with a 500 MHz central frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90301454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]],"date-time":"2009-03-03T13:13:11Z","timestamp":1236085991000},"page":"1454-1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Waveform Analysis of UWB GPR Antennas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fernando I.","family":"Rial","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal. University of Vigo. Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal. University of Vigo. Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal. University of Vigo. Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Armesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources & Environmental Engineering, EUET Forestal. University of Vigo. Campus A Xunqueira s\/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Imoreev, I., and Taylor, J. (,  2002). Future of Radars."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Yarovoy, A., and Ligthart, P. (,  2004). Ultra-WideBand Technology Today."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2002). Revision of Part 15 of the Commission\u2019s Rules Regarding Ultra Wideband Transmission Systems, The Federal Communications Commission. First Report and Order, FCC 02-48."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2007). Revision of Part 15 of the Commission\u2019s Rules Regarding Ultra Wideband Transmission Systems, The Federal Communications Commission. First Report and Order, FCC 03-33."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Skolnik, M.I. (2001). Introduction to Radar Systems, MacGraw-Hill. [3rd Edition]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Barret, T.D. (2001). History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar: Part II. Microwave J, 22\u201353."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lorenzo, E. Prospecci\u00f3n Geof\u00edsica de Alta Resoluci\u00f3n mediante Geo-Radar. Aplicaci\u00f3n a Obras Civiles, Laboratorio de Geotecnia del CEDEX."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Gracia, V., DiCapua, D., Gonz\u00e1lez-Drigo, R., and Pujades, L. Laboratory characterization of a GPR antenna for high-resolution testing: Radiation pattern and vertical resolution. NDT&E Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, N.J. (2007). A review of practical numerical modelling methods for the advanced interpretation of ground-penetrating radar in near-surface environments. Near Surf. Geophys, 5\u201321.","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2006014"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2002.1017048","article-title":"Improvement of bow-tie antennas for pulse radiation","volume":"4","author":"Lestari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Slob, E.C. (2007). Advanced Short Course & Workshop on GPR, University of Granada."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, D.J. (2004). Ground Penetrating Radar, The Institution of Electrical Engineers. [2nd Edition]. IEE Radar, Sonar and Navigation Series 15.","DOI":"10.1049\/PBRA015E"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Annan, A.P. (2003). Ground Penetrating Radar. Principles, Procedures & Applications, Sensors & Software, Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sandmeier, K.J. (2008). Reflexw User Manual, Sandmeier Scientific Software."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"299","article-title":"Using interference to determine the phase change of a reflected GPR pulse","volume":"1","author":"Inoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of Tenth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. (2005). [Application of Ground Penetrating Radar To Locate Subsurface Voids in Urban Areas, University of Louisville]. PhD thesis."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Saarenketo, T. (2006). Electrical Properties Of Road Materials And Subgrade Soils And The Use Of Ground Penetrating Radar In Traffic Infrastructure Surveys. PhD thesis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Glover, J.M. (1987). The Use Of Sub-Surface Radar For Shallow Site Investigation. PhD thesis."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Perez-Gracia, V. (2001). [Evaluaci\u00f3n GPR para aplicaciones en arqueolog\u00eda y en patrimonio hist\u00f3rico-art\u00edstico, Catalonia Polithecnic (UPC)]. Phd Thesis,."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Millard, S.G., Shaari, A., and Bungey, J.H. (,  2002). Resolution of GPR Bow-Tie Antennas."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, R. (2000). Effect of antenna-surface distance on the radiation of a GPR antenna. Proc. of Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, 702\u2013707.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.383502"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranalli, D., Scozzafava, M., Tallini, M., and Colagrande, S. (,  2007). GPR signal attenuation vs.depth on damaged flexible road pavements.","DOI":"10.1109\/AGPR.2007.386571"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/3\/1454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:57Z","timestamp":1760220597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/3\/1454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s90301454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90301454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]]}}}