{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:35:40Z","timestamp":1775788540144,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]],"date-time":"2009-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several metal-organic framework (MOF) materials were under investigated to test their applicability as sensor materials for impedimetric gas sensors. The materials were tested in a temperature range of 120 \u00b0C - 240 \u00b0C with varying concentrations of O2, CO2, C3H8, NO, H2, ethanol and methanol in the gas atmosphere and under different test gas humidity conditions. Different sensor configurations were studied in a frequency range of 1 Hz -1 MHz and time-continuous measurements were performed at 1 Hz. The materials did not show any impedance response to O2, CO2, C3H8, NO, or H2 in the gas atmospheres, although for some materials a significant impedance decrease was induced by a change of the ethanol or methanol concentration in the gas phase. Moreover, pronounced promising and reversible changes in the electric properties of a special MOF material were monitored under varying humidity, with a linear response curve at 120 \u00b0C. Further investigations were carried out with differently doped MOF materials of this class, to evaluate the influence of special dopants on the sensor effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90301574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,7]],"date-time":"2009-03-07T12:59:42Z","timestamp":1236430782000},"page":"1574-1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":402,"title":["Metal-Organic Frameworks for Sensing Applications in the Gas Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Achmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itamar M.","family":"Malkowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Moos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200462786","article-title":"Strategie f\u00fcr die Wasserstoffspeicherung in metall-organischen Ger\u00fcstmaterialien","volume":"117","author":"Rowsell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8407","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200600105","article-title":"Hydrogen storage in the giant-pore metal-organic frameworks MIL-100 and MIL-101","volume":"118","author":"Latroche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew. Chem"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1039\/B511962F","article-title":"Metal-organic frameworks - prospective industrial applications","volume":"16","author":"Schubert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200300610","article-title":"Functional porous coordination polymers","volume":"43","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17998","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0570032","article-title":"Metal-organic frameworks with exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxide at room temperature","volume":"127","author":"Millward","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200305413","article-title":"Rationale for the large breathing of the porous aluminum terephthalate (MIL-53) upon hydration","volume":"10","author":"Loiseau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14162","DOI":"10.1021\/ja054913a","article-title":"Temperature- or guest-induced drastic single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations of a nanoporous coordination framework","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1039\/a809746a","article-title":"Zeolite-like crystal structure of an empty microporous molecular framework","volume":"4","author":"Kepert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Commun"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ohba, R. (1992). Intelligent sensor technology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(94)01268-M","article-title":"Ceramic sensors for humidity detection: the state-of-the-art and future development","volume":"23","author":"Traversa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2005.001","article-title":"Humidity sensors: a review","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2005.045","article-title":"Humidity sensors: a review of materials and mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(86)80055-5","article-title":"Humidity sensors: principles and applications","volume":"10","author":"Yamazoe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.04.022","article-title":"Zeolite based humidity sensor for high temperature applications in hydrogen atmosphere","volume":"134","author":"Neumeier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1021\/j100721a039","article-title":"The relation between the amounts of chemisorbed and physisorbed water on metal oxides","volume":"73","author":"Morimoto","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1021\/i300004a015","article-title":"Ceramic humidity sensor","volume":"20","author":"Nitta","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06911.x","article-title":"Humidity sensors","volume":"74","author":"Kulwicki","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Limit of thermal stability according to thermogravimetric analyses; a) Basolite\u2122 A100 (Al-BDC): > 400 \u00b0C; b) Basolite\u2122 C300 (Cu-BTC, Cu3BTC2): 320 \u00b0C; c) Basolite\u2122 F300 (Fe-BTC): 310 \u00b0C."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1039\/b200393g","article-title":"Metal-organic frameworks","volume":"32","author":"James","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, U., P\u00fctter, H., Hesse, M., and Wesel, H. (2005). Verfahren zur Herstellung von fremdsalzarmen Sulfinaten. German Patent DE 10355088,."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Gollner, E., Kita, J., and Moos, R. (,  24.-27.9.2006). Frequency-tripled Nd:YAG-laser in thick-film and LTTC applications. Krakow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.12.104","article-title":"Hydrocarbon sensing with thick and thin film p-type conducting perovskite materials","volume":"108","author":"Sahner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/s8031351","article-title":"Amperometric enzyme-based gas sensor for formaldehyde: impact of possible interferences","volume":"8","author":"Achmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7904","DOI":"10.3390\/s8127904","article-title":"Zeolite-based impedimetric gas sensor device in low-cost technology for hydrocarbon gas detection","volume":"8","author":"Hagen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Macdonald, J. R., and Barsoukov, E. (2005). Impedance spectroscopy: theory, experiment, and applications, Wiley. [2nd Ed]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17152","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0561439","article-title":"Guest-induced asymmetry in a metal-organic porous solid with reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal structural transformation","volume":"127","author":"Maji","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.03.014","article-title":"Zeolite cover layer for selectivity enhancement of p-type semiconducting hydrocarbon sensors","volume":"133","author":"Sahner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.04.040","article-title":"Ceramic meso hot-plates for gas sensor","volume":"103","author":"Rettig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00639-0","article-title":"Micromachined metal oxide gas sensors: opportunities to improve sensor performance","volume":"73","author":"Simon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/3\/1574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:59Z","timestamp":1760220599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/3\/1574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s90301574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90301574","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]]}}}