{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:32:29Z","timestamp":1767652349133,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,26]],"date-time":"2009-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a method to quantitatively measure and evaluate finger tapping movements for the assessment of motor function using log-linearized Gaussian mixture networks (LLGMNs). First, finger tapping movements are measured using magnetic sensors, and eleven indices are computed for evaluation. After standardizing these indices based on those of normal subjects, they are input to LLGMNs to assess motor function. Then, motor ability is probabilistically discriminated to determine whether it is normal or not using a classifier combined with the output of multiple LLGMNs based on bagging and entropy. This paper reports on evaluation and discrimination experiments performed on finger tapping movements in 33 Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients and 32 normal elderly subjects. The results showed that the patients could be classified correctly in terms of their impairment status with a high degree of accuracy (average rate: 93:1 \u00a7 3:69%) using 12 LLGMNs, which was about 5% higher than the results obtained using a single LLGMN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90302187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,26]],"date-time":"2009-03-26T13:02:18Z","timestamp":1238072538000},"page":"2187-2201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Measurement and Evaluation of Finger Tapping Movements Using Log-linearized Gaussian Mixture Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Shima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Kandori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., 2520 Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Yokoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saburo","family":"Sakoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1253","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/10.216411","article-title":"Portable system for quantifying motor abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Ghika","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00207-X","article-title":"Dissociable processing of temporal structure in repetitive eye-hand movements in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Dominey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/40.4.461","article-title":"The symptoms of acute cerebellar injuries due to gunshot injuries","volume":"40","author":"Holmes","year":"1917","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.23.437","article-title":"Microcomputer analysis of finger tapping as a measure of cerebellar dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurol. 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