{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:18:41Z","timestamp":1772194721957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In wireless sensor networks, density control is an important technique for prolonging a network's lifetime. To reduce the overall energy consumption, it is desirable to minimize the overlapping sensing area of the sensor nodes. In this paper, we study the problem of energy-efficient area coverage by the regular placement of sensors with adjustable sensing and communication ranges. We suggest a more accurate method to estimate efficiency than those currently used for coverage by sensors with adjustable ranges, and propose new density control models that considerably improve coverage using sensors with two sensing ranges. Calculations and extensive simulation show that the new models outperform existing ones in terms of various performance metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90402446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T08:15:05Z","timestamp":1239178505000},"page":"2446-2460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Energy-efficient Area Coverage by Sensors with Adjustable Ranges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Zalyubovskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Erzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Astrakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian State University of Trade and Economics, Kemerovo Branch, Kemerovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunseung","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1145\/332833.332838","article-title":"Wireless integrated network sensors","volume":"43","author":"Pottie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-005-6615-6","article-title":"Improving wireless sensor network lifetime through power aware organization","volume":"11","author":"Cardei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.1266294","article-title":"Energy-efficient area monitoring by sensor networks","volume":"37","author":"Carle","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Comput"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2006.010833","article-title":"Improving network lifetime using sensors with adjustable sensing ranges","volume":"1","author":"Cardei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sensor Networks"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2006.140","article-title":"Virtual backbone construction in MANETs using adjustable transmission ranges","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2004.12.025","article-title":"Energy-efficient coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks","volume":"29","author":"Cardei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"89","article-title":"Maintaining sensing coverage and connectivity in large sensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Sensor Wireless Networks"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129054105002838","article-title":"Energy-efficient node scheduling models in sensor networks with adjustable ranges","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Found. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Slijepcevic, S., and Potkonjak, M. (2001, January 11\u201314). Power efficient organization of wireless sensor networks. Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. (2001, January 16\u201321). Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ye, F., Zhong, G., Lu, S., and Zhang, L. (2002, January 12\u201315). Peas: A robust energy conserving protocol for long-lived sensor network. Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, D., and Georganas, N.D. (2002, January 3\u20135). A coverage-preserving node scheduling scheme for large wireless sensor networks. Urumqi, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/570738.570744"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/2371320","article-title":"The number of circles covering a set","volume":"61","author":"Kershner","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am. J. Math."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Williams, R. (1979). The Geometrical Foundation on Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design, Dover Pub. Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J., Gu, Y., He, T., and Kim, Y. (2007, January 6\u201312). Realistic Sensing Area Modeling. Anchorage, Alaska, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2007.293"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/4\/2446\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:10Z","timestamp":1760220610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/4\/2446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s90402446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90402446","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]]}}}