{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1783509447970,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]],"date-time":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe natural conditions and complex terrain make it difficult to apply precise localization in underground mines. In this paper, an anchor-free localization method for mobile targets is proposed based on non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (Multi-dimensional Scaling: MDS) and rank sequence. Firstly, a coal mine wireless sensor network is constructed in underground mines based on the ZigBee technology. Then a non-metric MDS algorithm is imported to estimate the reference nodes\u2019 location. Finally, an improved sequence-based localization algorithm is presented to complete precise localization for mobile targets. The proposed method is tested through simulations with 100 nodes, outdoor experiments with 15 ZigBee physical nodes, and the experiments in the mine gas explosion laboratory with 12 ZigBee nodes. Experimental results show that our method has better localization accuracy and is more robust in underground mines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90402836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]],"date-time":"2009-04-21T09:24:37Z","timestamp":1240305877000},"page":"2836-2850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Anchor-Free Localization Method for Mobile Targets in Coal Mine Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhongmin","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing 100038, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kennedy, G.A. (High resilience wireless mesh networking characteristics and safety applications within underground mines, 2006). High resilience wireless mesh networking characteristics and safety applications within underground mines, Ph.D. Dissertation,."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mohanty, P.K. Available online: http:\/\/www.msha.gov\/regs\/comments\/06-722\/AB44-COMM-95.pdf. (accessed July 22, 2006)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Multimedia Systems Lab Available online: http:\/\/www.ece.cmu.edu\/~firefly\/projects.html. (accessed January 12, 2007)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.3390\/s7102157","article-title":"Wireless sensor\/actuator network design for mobile control applications","volume":"7","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Priyantha, N.B., Balakrishnan, H., Demaine, E., and Teller, S. (2003, January November). Anchorfree distributed localization in sensor networks. Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Meertens, L., and Fitzpatrick, S. (2004). The Distributed construction of a global coordinate system in a network of static computational nodes from inter-node distances, Technical Report, Kestrel Institute. Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.kestrel.edu\/pub\/papers\/fitzpatrick\/LocalizationReport.pdf. (accessed November 24, 2008)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Shang, Y., and Ruml, W. (2004, January March). Improved MDS-based localization. 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[2nd Ed]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/4\/2836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:16Z","timestamp":1760220616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/4\/2836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s90402836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90402836","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]}}}