{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T17:19:32Z","timestamp":1769015972613,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,24]],"date-time":"2009-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA microarrays are an important tool with a variety of applications in gene expression studies, genotyping, pharmacogenomics, pathogen classification, drug discovery, sequencing and molecular diagnostics. They are having a strong impact in medical diagnostics for cancer, toxicology and infectious disease applications. A series of papers have been published describing DNA biochips as alternative to conventional microarray platforms to facilitate and ameliorate the signal readout. In this review, we will consider the different methods proposed for biochip construction, focusing on electrochemical detection of DNA. We also introduce a novel single-stranded DNA platform performing high-throughput SNP detection and gene expression profiling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90403122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,24]],"date-time":"2009-04-24T09:35:29Z","timestamp":1240565729000},"page":"3122-3148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Overview of Electrochemical DNA Biosensors: New Approaches to Detect the Expression of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cagnin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIBI Biotechnology Centre and Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58\/B 35121 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Caraballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy, 301, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Guiducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIS Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Sistemistica, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IBI-EPFL, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 15 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIBI Biotechnology Centre and Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58\/B 35121 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marty","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy, 301, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"SantaAna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy, 301, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Danley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy, 301, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy, 301, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA"}]},{"given":"Gerolamo","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIBI Biotechnology Centre and Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. 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