{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:23:22Z","timestamp":1775024602437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]],"date-time":"2009-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An overview of the commonly applied evapotranspiration (ET) models using remotely sensed data is given to provide insight into the estimation of ET on a regional scale from satellite data. Generally, these models vary greatly in inputs, main assumptions and accuracy of results, etc. Besides the generally used remotely sensed multi-spectral data from visible to thermal infrared bands, most remotely sensed ET models, from simplified equations models to the more complex physically based two-source energy balance models, must rely to a certain degree on ground-based auxiliary measurements in order to derive the turbulent heat fluxes on a regional scale. We discuss the main inputs, assumptions, theories, advantages and drawbacks of each model. Moreover, approaches to the extrapolation of instantaneous ET to the daily values are also briefly presented. In the final part, both associated problems and future trends regarding these remotely sensed ET models were analyzed to objectively show the limitations and promising aspects of the estimation of regional ET based on remotely sensed data and ground-based measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]],"date-time":"2009-05-19T12:08:44Z","timestamp":1242734924000},"page":"3801-3853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":624,"title":["A Review of Current Methodologies for Regional Evapotranspiration Estimation from Remotely Sensed Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhao-Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"LSIIT, Bld Sebastien Brant, BP10413, 67412 Illkirch, France"}]},{"given":"Ronglin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"LSIIT, Bld Sebastien Brant, BP10413, 67412 Illkirch, France"},{"name":"Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengming","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICESS, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}]},{"given":"Yuyun","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSIIT, Bld Sebastien Brant, BP10413, 67412 Illkirch, France"},{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Chenghu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5030-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangjian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1126\/science.189.4207.991","article-title":"Estimating evaporation: a technique adaptable to remote sensing","volume":"189","author":"Idso","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-85-2002","article-title":"The surface energy balance system (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1029\/WR022i09Sp0039S","article-title":"Catchment-scale evaporation and the atmospheric boundary layer","volume":"22","author":"Brutsaert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S., and Palutikof, J.P. (2008). Climate change and water. technical paper of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC Secretariat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:1(85)","article-title":"SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions","volume":"131","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASCE J. Irrig. Drain. E."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1029\/WR017i004p01133","article-title":"Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator","volume":"17","author":"Jackson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Weigand, C.L., and Bartholic, J.F. (, January March). Remote sensing in evapotranspiration research on the Great Plains. Bushland, Texas, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"549","article-title":"Detection of soil moisture by remote surveillance","volume":"63","author":"Idso","year":"1975","journal-title":"Amer. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i021p03044","article-title":"The utility of surface temperature measurements for the remote sensing of surface soil water status","volume":"80","author":"Idso","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1985.13239","article-title":"Evaluating evapotranspiration at local and regional scales","volume":"73","author":"Jackson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90049-7","article-title":"Mapping surface energy balance components by combining Landsat Thematic Mapper and ground-based meteorological data","volume":"30","author":"Moran","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169208904071","article-title":"On the use of satellite thermal data for determining evapotranspiration in partially vegetated areas","volume":"13","author":"Caselles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669609491522","article-title":"Use of remote sensing for evapotranspiration monitoring over land surfaces","volume":"41","author":"Kustas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.006","article-title":"Scale influences on the remote estimation of evapotranspiration using multiple satellite sensors","volume":"105","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engman, E.T., and Gurney, R.J. (1991). Remote Sensing in Hydrology, Chapman and Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0407-1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669409492752","article-title":"Application of remote sensing methods to hydrology and water resources","volume":"39","author":"Rango","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-024302-0.50017-5","article-title":"Evapotranspiration Obtained from Remote Sensing Methods","volume":"2","author":"Hatfield","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv. Irrig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00228-5","article-title":"Modelling the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration on different scales using remote sensing data","volume":"212-213","author":"Mauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1029\/WR016i004p00787","article-title":"The potential of remotely sensed thermal infrared data to infer surface soil moisture and evaporation","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168308948554","article-title":"Using midday surface temperature to estimate daily evaporation from satellite thermal IR data","volume":"4","author":"Seguin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1029\/GL004i005p00187","article-title":"An equation for potential evaporation from soil, water, and crop surfaces adaptable to use by remote sensing","volume":"4","author":"Idso","year":"1977","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1029\/WR013i003p00651","article-title":"Wheat canopy temperature: a practical tool for evaluating water requirements","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90022-1","article-title":"Using satellite remote sensing to extrapolate evapotranspiration estimates in time and space over a semiarid rangeland basin","volume":"49","author":"Kustas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Courault, D., Seguin, B., and Olioso, A. (, January Sept.). Review to estimate evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: some examples from the simplified relationship to the use of mesoscale atmospheric models. Montpellier, France."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00139-R","article-title":"A new look at the simplified method for remote sensing of daily evapotranspiration","volume":"54","author":"Carlson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90027-8","article-title":"On estimating daily evapotranspiration from remote surface temperature measurements","volume":"29","author":"Carlson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19820202","article-title":"Utilisation de la thermographie IR pour l'estimation de l'\u00e9vaporation r\u00e9gionale. II: R\u00e9sultats obtenus \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es satellites","volume":"2","author":"Seguin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Agrono"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02439487","article-title":"A review of methods for estimating evapotranspiration particularly those that utilize remote sensing","volume":"25","author":"Kairu","year":"1991","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948282","article-title":"Estimation of regional evapotranspiration of arable crops from thermal infrared images","volume":"6","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90090-9","article-title":"A simplified method to estimate regional 24-h evapotranspiration from thermal infrared data","volume":"31","author":"Thunnissen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90023-X","article-title":"Surface temperature and evapotranspiration: Application of local scale methods to regional scales using satellite data","volume":"49","author":"Seguin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1973.00021962006500030001x","article-title":"A resistance model to predict evapotranspiration and its application to a sugar beet field","volume":"65","author":"Brown","year":"1973","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): 1.Formulation","volume":"212-213","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(99)00128-8","article-title":"S-SEBI: a simple remote sensing algorithm to estimate the surface energy balance","volume":"25","author":"Roerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth (B)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR900020","article-title":"Land data assimilation with satellite measurements for the estimation of surface energy balance components and surface control on evaporation","volume":"37","author":"Boni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(380)","article-title":"Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)-model","volume":"133","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. E."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02265-Y","article-title":"A two-source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00215-5","article-title":"A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing","volume":"60","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331314074","article-title":"Estimation of daily evapotranspiration using a two-layer remote sensing model","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR00704","article-title":"A two-source approach for estimating turbulent fluxes using multiple angle thermal infrared observations","volume":"33","author":"Kustas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00005-2","article-title":"Evaluation of soil and vegetation heat flux predictions using a simple two-source model with radiometric temperatures for a partial canopy cover","volume":"94","author":"Kustas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2000.925847x","article-title":"A two-source energy balance approach using directional radiometric temperature observations for sparse canopy covered surfaces","volume":"92","author":"Kustas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S. (2004). Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces, Wiley-Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/047172372X"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<1644:EORETR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimation of regional evapotranspiration through remote sensing","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1029\/WR011i005p00742","article-title":"On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies","volume":"11","author":"Brutsaert","year":"1975","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.014","article-title":"Estimation of the net radiation using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data for clear sky days","volume":"97","author":"Bisht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00254-6","article-title":"A Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL): Part 2 validation","volume":"212-213","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1982)021<1111:OTUOSD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the use of satellite data to infer surface fluxes at meteorological scales","volume":"21","author":"Price","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90039-2","article-title":"JR. Evapotranspiration calculated from remote multispectral and ground station meteorological data","volume":"18","author":"Reginato","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90012-B","article-title":"Spectral estimates soil heat flux of net radiation and soil heat flux","volume":"32","author":"Daughtry","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90021-3","article-title":"Synergism of multi-spectral satellite observations for estimating regional land surface evaporation","volume":"49","author":"Choudhury","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Asrar, G. (1989). Theory and applications of optical remote sensing, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00202-4","article-title":"SEBAL-based sensible and latent heat fluxes in the irrigated Gediz Basin, Turkey","volume":"229","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1998)037<0005:ECSRSF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimating clear-sky regional surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains atmospheric radiation measurement site with ground measurements and satellite observations","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(90)90033-3","article-title":"Estimation of the soil heat flux\/net radiation ratio from spectral data","volume":"49","author":"Kustas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Seguin, B. Estimation de I'evapotranspiration a partir de I'Infra-rouge thermIque. Bordeaux, France."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3774(83)90094-X","article-title":"Estimation of evapotranspiration at one time-of-day using remotely sensed surface temperatures","volume":"7","author":"Hatfield","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agri. Water Manage."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Monteith, J.L. (1973). Principles of environmental physics, Edward Arnold Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(86)90029-8","article-title":"An analysis of infrared temperature observations over wheat and calculation of latent heat flux","volume":"37","author":"Choudhury","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90020-5","article-title":"Estimating crop water deficit using the relationship between surface-air temperature and spectral vegetation index","volume":"49","author":"Moran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutsaert, W.H. (1982). Evaporation into the Atmosphere, D. Reidel.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1497-6"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3774(83)90095-1","article-title":"Estimation of daily evapotranspiration from one time of day measurements","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agri. Water Manage."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"163","article-title":"Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere near the ground","volume":"24","author":"Monin","year":"1954","journal-title":"Tr. Akad. Nauk SSSR Geofiz. Inst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1970)009<0857:TMROWS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer","volume":"9","author":"Paulson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709640708","article-title":"Profile relationships: The log-linear range, and extension to strong stability","volume":"96","author":"Webb","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Flux-Profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer","volume":"28","author":"Businger","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, T.N., Dodd, J.K., Benjamin, S.G., and Cooper, J.N. (1981). Satellite estimation of the surface energy balance, moisture availability and thermal inertia. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 67\u201387.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1981)020<0067:SEOTSE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(80)90045-0","article-title":"Estimation of regional evapotranspiration and soil moisture conditions using remotely sensed crop surface temperatures","volume":"9","author":"Soer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(84)90170-7","article-title":"Modelling daily evapotranspiration using remotely sensed data","volume":"69","author":"Gurney","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Monteith, J.L., and Unsworth, M.H. (1990). Principles of Environmental Physics, Edward Arnold."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709942209","article-title":"Momentum, heat and water vapor transfer to and from natural surfaces","volume":"99","author":"Garratt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02259-Z","article-title":"Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<1110:SHFRST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensible heat-flux radiometric surface-temperature relationship for eight semiarid areas","volume":"33","author":"Stewart","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1997)036<0560:SPNOTP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Some practical notes on the parameter kB-1 for sparse vegetation","volume":"36","author":"Verhoef","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00104-3","article-title":"A model study of kBH-1 for vegetated surfaces using \u2018localized nearfield\u2019 Lagrangian theory","volume":"223","author":"Massman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Su, Z., and Jacobs, J. Advanced Earth Observation--Land Surface Climate, Publications of the National Remote Sensing Board (BCRS). USP-2. 2001, 01-02."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1985)024<0412:EDFSOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evapotranspiration derived from satellite observed surface temperatures","volume":"24","author":"Klaassen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(90)90110-R","article-title":"Estimating evaporation from pasture using infrared thermometry: evaluation of a one-layer resistance model","volume":"51","author":"Kalma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1976.00021962006800040026x","article-title":"Measurement of crop temperature by leaf thermocouple, infrared thermometry and remotely sensed thermal imagery","volume":"68","author":"Blad","year":"1976","journal-title":"Agron J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1991.00472425002000040003x","article-title":"Assessing the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration using remotely sensed inputs","volume":"20","author":"Moran","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Environm. Qual."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"561","article-title":"Parameterization of land surface evaporation by means of location dependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range. Proceedings of IAHS conference on Land Surface Processes","volume":"212","author":"Menenti","year":"1993","journal-title":"IAHS Publ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-007-0088-6","article-title":"ET mapping for agricultural water management: present status and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Gowda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s007030170038","article-title":"Energy balance based surface flux estimation from satellite data, and its application for surface moisture assimilation","volume":"76","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(81)90032-7","article-title":"Normalizing the stress-degree-day parameter or environmental variability","volume":"24","author":"Idso","year":"1981","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296705","article-title":"A reexamination of the crop water stress index","volume":"9","author":"Jackson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Estimating areal evaporation from remote sensing","volume":"2","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, M. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470848944"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"205","article-title":"Evaporation and environment","volume":"19","author":"Monteith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Explor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG900013","article-title":"Aspect of bulk atmospheric boundary layer similarity under free-convective conditions","volume":"37","author":"Brutsaert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Geophys."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00009-3","article-title":"Estimation of sensible heat flux using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and ATSR measurements","volume":"28","author":"Jia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Wood, E.F., Su, H., McCabe, M., and Su, Z. Estimating Evaporation from Satellite Remote Sensing."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM466.1","article-title":"Modeling evapotranspiration during SMACEX: Comparing two approaches for local- and regional-scale prediction","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeoro."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.03.027","article-title":"A simple algorithm to estimate evapotranspiration from DAIS data: Application to the DAISEX campaigns","volume":"315","author":"Sobrino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.017","article-title":"Application of a simple algorithm to estimate the daily evapotranspiration from NOAA-AVHRR images for the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"110","author":"Sobrino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.006","article-title":"Retrieval of evapotranspiration over the Alpilles\/ReSeDA experimental site using airborne POLDER sensor and a Thermal Camera","volume":"96","author":"Olioso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-006-0241-9","article-title":"Regional land surface energy fluxes by satellite remote sensing in the Upper Xilin River Watershed (Inner Mongolia, China)","volume":"88","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. (1995). Regionalization of surface flux densities and moisture indicators in composite terrain. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"830","article-title":"Evapotranspiration from Landsat (SEBAL) for water rights managementand compliance with multi-state water compacts","volume":"2","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IGARSS"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:3(273)","article-title":"Application of SEBAL Model for Mapping Evapotranspiration and Estimating Surface Energy Fluxes in South-Central Nebraska","volume":"134","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. E."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.028","article-title":"An intercomparison of the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) modeling schemes","volume":"108","author":"Timmermans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2349341","article-title":"Are single-source, remote-sensing surface-flux models too simple?","volume":"852","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Observation for Vegetation Monitoring and Water Management"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.09.014","article-title":"Reviewing SEBAL input parameters for assessing evapotranspiration and water productivity for the Low-Middle S\u00e3o Francisco river basin, Brazil Part B: Application to the regional scale","volume":"149","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.09.016","article-title":"Reviewing SEBAL input parameters for assessing evapotranspiration and water productivity for the Low-Middle S\u00e3o Francisco River basin, Brazil Part A: Application to the regional scale","volume":"149","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.3390\/s8042736","article-title":"Intercomparison of evapotranspiration over the Savannah Volta Basin in West Africa using remote sensing data","volume":"8","author":"Donoghue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Tasumi, M., and Morse, A. (, January Feb.). Satellite-based evapotranspiration by METRIC and Landsat for western states water management. Ft. Collins, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Tasumi, M., and Trezza, R. (2005). METRIC: mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution \u2013 applications manual for Landsat satellite imagery, University of Idaho."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-005-5187-z","article-title":"A Landsat-based energy balance and evapotranspiration model in Western US water rights regulation and planning","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irri. Drain. Sys."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.3390\/s8085186","article-title":"Surface energy balance based evapotranspiration mapping in the Texas high plains","volume":"8","author":"Gowda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-007-0093-9","article-title":"Integrating satellite-based evapotranspiration with simulation models for irrigation management at the scheme level","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Irrig Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-005-8138-9","article-title":"Operational aspects of satellite-based energy balance models for irrigated crops in the semi-arid U.S.","volume":"19","author":"Tasumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irri. Drain. Sys."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90044-6","article-title":"Observed relation between thermal emission and reflected spectral radiance of a complex vegetated landscape","volume":"18","author":"Goward","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<0548:DSDEOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Developing satellite-derived estimates of surface moisture status","volume":"32","author":"Nemani","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<0276:EORSRT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspiration from NDVI and thermal-IR AVHRR Data","volume":"28","author":"Nemani","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608949021","article-title":"The surface temperature-vegetation index space for land cover and land-cover change analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lambin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL006049","article-title":"A methodology for estimation of surface evapotranspiration over large areas using remote sensing observations","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900255","article-title":"Estimation of surface evaporation map over southern Great Plains using remote sensing data","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210154821","article-title":"An intercomparison of regional latent heat flux estimation using remote sensing data","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.3390\/s8106260","article-title":"A new method to define the VI-Ts diagram using subpixel vegetation and soil information: A case study over a semiarid agricultural region in the north China plain","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24406","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031485","article-title":"Note on the NDVI-LST relationship and the use of temperature-related drought indices over North America","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.3390\/s7102028","article-title":"A wetness index using terrain-corrected surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index derived from standard MODIS products: An evaluation of its use in a humid forest-dominated region of eastern Canada","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.013","article-title":"Combining the triangle method with thermal inertia to estimate regional evapotranspiration \u2013 Applied to MSG\/SEVIRI data in the Senegal River basin","volume":"112","author":"Stisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3390\/s7081612","article-title":"An overview of the \u201cTriangle Method\u201d for estimating surface evapotranspiration and soil moisture from satellite imagery","volume":"7","author":"Carlson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90035-1","article-title":"Estimation of wheat canopy resistance using combined remotely sensed spectral reflectance and thermal observations","volume":"24","author":"Hope","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1109\/36.58983","article-title":"Using spatial context in satellite data to infer regional scale evapotranspiration","volume":"28","author":"Price","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02292-9","article-title":"Combining the Penman-Monteith equation with measurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates of semiarid grassland","volume":"80","author":"Moran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.06.020","article-title":"Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated from AVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida","volume":"93","author":"Venturini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.019","article-title":"Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration from MODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the Southern Great Plains","volume":"103","author":"Batra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.007","article-title":"Estimation of evaporative fraction from a combination of day and night land surface temperatures and NDVI: A new method to determine the Priestley-Taylor parameter","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1995)034<0745:TRSOSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Thermal remote sensing of surface soil water content with partial vegetation cover for incorporation into mesoscale prediction models","volume":"34","author":"Gillies","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1991)072<1683:AIFSOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An interdisciplinary field study of the energy and water fluxes in the atmosphere-biosphere system over semiarid rangelands: description and some preliminary results","volume":"72","author":"Kustas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19033","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01096","article-title":"Relations between surface conductance and spectral vegetation indices at intermediate (100 m2 to 15 km2) length scales","volume":"97","author":"Sellers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259509532291","article-title":"Regional-scale comparisons of NDVI, soil moisture indices from surface and microwave data and surface energy budgets evaluated from satellite and in-situ data","volume":"12","author":"Diak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608949021","article-title":"The surface temperature-vegetation index space for land cover and land-cover change analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lambin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(90)90100-K","article-title":"Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields","volume":"52","author":"Carlson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.09.008","article-title":"Using directional TIR measurements and 3D simulations to assess the limitations and opportunities of water stress indices","volume":"90","author":"Luquet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.05.012","article-title":"Monitoring water stress using time series of observed to unstressed surface temperature difference","volume":"146","author":"Boulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agri. For. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<1352:EFOCSU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimating fluxes on continental scales using remotely sensed data in an atmospheric-land exchange model","volume":"38","author":"Mecikalski","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.3390\/s8106165","article-title":"Two improvements of an operational two-layer model for terrestrial surface heat flux retrieval","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.11.041","article-title":"Monitoring daily evapotranspiration at a regional scale from Landsat-TM and ETM+ data: Application to the Basilicata region","volume":"351","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711146910","article-title":"Evaporation from sparse crops - an energy combination theory","volume":"111","author":"Shuttleworth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711649213","article-title":"The theoretical relationship between foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crops","volume":"116","author":"Shuttleworth","year":"1990","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00176-4","article-title":"Combining optical and microwave remote sensing for mapping energy fluxes in a semiarid watershed","volume":"64","author":"Kustas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900033","article-title":"Surface flux estimation using radiometric temperature: A dual temperature difference method to minimize measurement errors","volume":"36","author":"Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SWC 9 1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002WR001775","article-title":"Remote sensing of surface energy fluxes at 101-m pixel resolutions","volume":"39","author":"Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0343:AMRSMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A multi-scale remote sensing model for disaggregating regional fluxes to micrometeorological scales","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Mecikalski, J.R., Mackaro, S.M., Anderson, M.C., Norman, J.M., and Basara, J.B. (, January January). Evaluating the use of the Atmospheric Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model in short-term prediction and mesoscale diagnosis. San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM465.1","article-title":"Effects of vegetation clumping on two-source model estimates of surface energy fluxes from an agricultural landscape during SMACEX","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM464.1","article-title":"Utility of remote sensing based two-source energy balance model under low- and high-vegetation cover conditions","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.018","article-title":"Modelling surface energy fluxes over maize using a two-source patch model and radiometric soil and canopy temperature observations","volume":"112","author":"Kustas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0375:DSMFGS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Determining soil moisture from geosynchronous satellite infrared data: A feasibility study","volume":"23","author":"Wetzel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(90)90105-F","article-title":"Evaluation of heat flux, moisture flux and aerodynamic roughness at the land surface from knowledge of the PBL height and satellite-derived skin temperatures","volume":"52","author":"Diak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR01963","article-title":"Estimation of evapotranspiration at the landscape scale: a fuzzy disaggregation approach","volume":"33","author":"Franks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-3-259-1999","article-title":"Examination of evaporative fraction diurnal behaviour using a soil-vegetation model coupled with a mixed-layer model","volume":"3","author":"Lhomme","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters","volume":"100","author":"Priestley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00036-1","article-title":"Estimating subpixel surface temperatures and energy fluxes from the vegetation index-radiometric temperature relationship","volume":"85","author":"Kustas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2005.0096S","article-title":"Upscaling flux observations from local to continental scales using thermal remote sensing","volume":"99","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.001","article-title":"Comparing the utility of microwave and thermal remote-sensing constraints in two-source energy balance modeling over an agricultural landscape","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.015","article-title":"Surface energy fluxes with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) at the Iowa 2002 SMACEX site (USA)","volume":"99","author":"French","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2008.01.001","article-title":"Data assimilation methods in the Earth sciences","volume":"31","author":"Reichle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Water Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin, D. (1995). Recent developments in hydrologic data assimilation. Rev. Geophys. Supplement., 977\u2013984.","DOI":"10.1029\/95RG00740"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.75.1B_191","article-title":"Assimilation of observations, an introduction","volume":"75","author":"Talagrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Bouttier, F., and Courtier, P. Data assimilation concepts and methods. Reading, England."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Robinson, A.R., and Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (2000). Overview of data assimilation, Harvard Reports in Physical\/Interdisciplinary (Ocean Sciences), The Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"845","article-title":"A comparison between four-dimensional variational assimilation and simplified sequential assimilation relying on three-dimensional variational analysis","volume":"119","author":"Rabier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM493.1","article-title":"Computational Issues for Large-Scale Land Surface Data Assimilation Problems","volume":"7","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2008.01.013","article-title":"A land surface data assimilation framework using the landinformation system: Description and applications","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35 1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR001114","article-title":"Land data assimilation and estimation of soil moisture using measurements from the Southern Great Plains 1997 Field Experiment","volume":"38","author":"Margulis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-004-2121-0","article-title":"Utility of assimilating surface radiometric temperature observations for evaporative fraction and heat transfer coefficient retrieval","volume":"115","author":"Crow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0145:EOSTFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimation of Surface Turbulent Fluxes through Assimilation of Radiometric Surface Temperature Sequences","volume":"5","author":"Caparrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM451.1","article-title":"A comparison of the triangle retrieval and variational data assimilation methods for surface turbulent flux estimation","volume":"6","author":"Margulis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2002)130<0103:HDAWTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Hydrologic Data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"130","author":"Reichle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2002)003<0728:EVEKFF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Extended versus ensemble Kalman filtering for land data assimilation","volume":"3","author":"Reichle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<2884:AEAKFF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter for data assimilation","volume":"129","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.026","article-title":"Experiments of one-dimensional soil moisture assimilation system based on ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"1783","article-title":"The ECMWF implementation of three-dimensional variational assimilation (3D-Var). I: Formulation","volume":"124","author":"Courtier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1995)123<1112:FDVAOP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Four-Dimensional variational assimilation of precipitation data","volume":"123","author":"Mesinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2003)131<1272:VAORST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Variational assimilation of radiometric surface temperature and reference-level micrometeorology into a model of the atmospheric boundary layer and land surface","volume":"131","author":"Margulis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<0627:RVAOHA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Real-Time variational assimilation of hydrologic and hydrometeorological data into operational hydrologic forecasting","volume":"4","author":"Seo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W12515 1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004WR003358","article-title":"Variational estimation of soil and vegetation turbulent transfer and heat flux parameters from sequences of multisensor imagery","volume":"40","author":"Caparrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-004-2121-0","article-title":"Utility of assimilating surface radiometric temperature observations for evaporative fraction and heat transfer coefficient retrieval","volume":"115","author":"Crow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0145:EOSTFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimation of surface turbulent fluxes through assimilation of radiometric surface temperature Sequences","volume":"5","author":"Caparrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM451.1","article-title":"A comparison of the triangle retrieval and variational data assimilation methods for surface turbulent flux estimation","volume":"6","author":"Margulis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.038","article-title":"Assimilation of remotely sensed data for improved latent and sensible heat flux prediction: A comparative synthetic study","volume":"112","author":"Pipunic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0145:EOSTFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mapping of land-atmosphere heat fluxes and surface parameters with remote sensing data","volume":"5","author":"Caparrini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(94)02181-I","article-title":"Evaluation of daily evapotranspiration estimates from instantaneous measurements","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.22056","article-title":"Comparison of five models to scale daily evapotranspiration from one-time-of-day measurements","volume":"49","author":"Colaizzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1029\/90WR02706","article-title":"Daily evaporation over a region from lower boundary layer profiles measured with radiosondes","volume":"27","author":"Sugita","year":"1991","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<1781:RBEFAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationships between evaporative fraction and remotely sensed vegetation index and microwave brightness temperature for semiarid rangelands","volume":"32","author":"Kustas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19061","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02189","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of surface energy balance: success, failures and unresolved issues in FIFE","volume":"97","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02903-6","article-title":"Conservation and variability of the evaporative fraction during the daytime","volume":"180","author":"Crago","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1029\/93WR01958","article-title":"Evaluation of the Evaporative Fraction for Parameterization of the Surface Energy Balance","volume":"29","author":"Nichols","year":"1993","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-3-259-1999","article-title":"Examination of evaporative fraction diurnal behaviour using a soil-vegetation model coupled with a mixed-layer model","volume":"3","author":"Lhomme","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"129","article-title":"Evaluation of the temporal variability of the evaporative fraction in a tropical watershed","volume":"5","author":"Farah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Shuttleworth, W.J., Gurney, R.J., Hsu, A.Y., and Ormsby, J.P. (1989). FIFE: The variation in energy partition at surface flux sites Remote Sensing and Large-Scale Global Processes (Proceedings of the IAHS Third Int. Assembly, Baltimore, MD, May 1989). IAHS Publ., 186."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.02.016","article-title":"Deriving daily evapotranspiration from remotely sensed instantaneous evaporative fraction over olive orchard in semi-arid Morocco","volume":"354","author":"Hoedjesa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(90)90228-P","article-title":"Daily surface moisture model for large area semiarid land application with limited climate data","volume":"121","author":"Owe","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1974)013<0227:LCOTBR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lysirmetric calibration of the Bowen ratio-energy balance method for evapotranspiration estimation in the Central Great Plains","volume":"13","author":"Blad","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00139-8","article-title":"The Bowen ratio-energy balance method for estimating latent heat flux of irrigated alfalfa evaluated in a semi-arid, advective environment","volume":"103","author":"Todd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23965","article-title":"Evapotranspiration: progress in measurement and modeling in agriculture","volume":"50","author":"Farahani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, G.S., and Norman, J.M. (1998). An introduction to environmental biophysics, Edwards Brothers. [2nd Edition].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1626-1"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3774(84)90050-7","article-title":"Evapotranspiration \u2014 How good is the Bowen ratio method?","volume":"8","author":"Angus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-210-2007","article-title":"Putting the \u201cvap\u201d into evaporation","volume":"11","author":"Shuttleworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3774(02)00131-2","article-title":"Evapotranspiration fluxes over mixed vegetation areas measured from large aperture scintillometer","volume":"58","author":"Hemakumara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019647732027","article-title":"Determination of Area-Averaged Sensible Heat Fluxes with a Large Aperture Scintillometer over a Heterogeneous Surface - Flevoland Field Experiment","volume":"105","author":"Meijninger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019644420081","article-title":"Large aperture scintillometer used over a homogeneous irrigated area, partly affected by regional advection","volume":"105","author":"Hoedjes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM561.1","article-title":"Comparison of large aperture scintillometer and eddy covariance measurements: Can thermal infrared data be used to capture footprint-induced differences?","volume":"8","author":"Hoedjes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019600908144","article-title":"An extra large aperture scintillometer for long range applications","volume":"105","author":"Kohsiek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-005-9031-7","article-title":"Saturation of the large aperture scintillometer","volume":"121","author":"Kohsiek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"Morel, P. Perspectives spatiales dans le domaine des recherches sur le climat. Deauville, France."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"6","article-title":"Potential of remote sensing for the study of global change","volume":"7","author":"Rasool","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Roerink, G.J., and Menenti, M. (2000). NRSP-2 report 99-33."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600209814","article-title":"Reconstructing cloud free NDVI composites using Fourier analysis of time series","volume":"21","author":"Roerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00175-9","article-title":"Land-surface phenologies from AVHRR using the discrete fourier transform","volume":"75","author":"Moody","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1986.289691","article-title":"Vegetation assessment using a combination of visible, near-IR, and thermal-IR AVHRR data","volume":"1","author":"Whitehead","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"167","article-title":"A method to make use of thermal infrared temperature and NDVI measurements to infer surface soil water content and fractional vegetation cover","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(85)90335-7","article-title":"Determination of surface parameters and fluxes for climate studies from space observation. Methods, Results and Problems","volume":"5","author":"Becker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_217","unstructured":"S\u00e9guin, B., Assad, E., Freteaud, J.P., Imbernon, J., Kerr, Y., and Lagouarde, J.P. (1987). Report to the EEC-DG8."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00138368","article-title":"A comparative analysis of satellite-observed visible reflectance and 37 GHz polarization difference to assess land surface change over the Sahel zone, 1982-1986","volume":"17","author":"Choudhury","year":"1990","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"ref_219","unstructured":"Choudhury, B.J. Synergistic use of visible, infrared and microwave observations for monitoring land surface change. Courchevel, France."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00214-5","article-title":"Modelling of diurnal cycles of brightness temperature extracted from METEOSAT data","volume":"76","author":"Goettsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<1489:UOMFMT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Use of Meteosat for mapping thermal inertia and evapotranspiration over a limited region of Mali","volume":"25","author":"Abdellaoui","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1986.289560","article-title":"A stable iterative procedure to obtain soil surface parameters and fluxes from satellite data","volume":"33","author":"Raffy","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/5\/3801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:25Z","timestamp":1760220625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/9\/5\/3801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]]},"references-count":222,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s90503801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90503801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]]}}}